Carbohydrate Elimination or Adaptation Diet for Symptoms of Intestinal Discomfort in IBD: Rationales for “Gibsons’ Conundrum”
Table 1
List of poorly digested carbohydrates comprised of FODMAP and select prebiotics (*), as well as their respective sources. This is not a complete list, and other complex carbohydrates which have effects on bacteria are also included in FODMAP.
Molecular form
Common sources
Inulin (*)
Onions, leeks, chicory, artichoke, wheat, banana
Oligofructose (*)
Hydrolysis product of inulin
Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide (*)
Hydrolysis product of inulin
Trans galacto-oligosaccharides (*)
Manufactured from lactose
Lactulose (*)
Manufactured from lactose
Fructo-oligosaccharides (*)
May be present in breast milk, formed from lactose
Isomalto-oligosaccharides (*)
Present in foods, potential prebiotic
Lactose (*)
Present in dairy products made from animal sources, prebiotic mostly in lactose maldigesters
