Renin-Angiotensin System Hyperactivation Can Induce Inflammation and Retinal Neural Dysfunction

Figure 3

Downstream of AT1R in vascular inflammation and neural dysfunction. NFκB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, AP-1: activator protein 1, UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system, STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1, MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein 1, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor, Syp: synaptophysin, Rho: rhodopsin, GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein.