Role of MicroRNAs in Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System-Mediated Cardiovascular Inflammation and Remodeling

Figure 1

Dependent and independent RAAS-regulated microRNAs signaling in cardiovascular inflammation/remodeling and hypertension. Ang II regulates its level via stimulating miR-132, miR-212, and its downstream signaling via suppressing miR-483-3p, miR-129-3p, miR-29b, and miR-34 by increasing the expression of AT1R, AT2R, ACE1, ACE2, Col1A, and TGFbeta. Several microRNAs regulate RAAS signaling independent of Ang II via regulating inflammation and remodeling miR-146a/b, miR-181a, miR-155, miR-129-3p, and miR-29b. RAAS inhibitors differentially regulate microRNAs: telmisartan, atorvastatin, aliskiren, and candesartan inhibit miR-146a/b, miR-132, miR-212, miR-155, miR-129-3b, and miR-29b. Enalapril stimulates the expression of miR-181a which targets TNFα therefore regulating inflammation and remodeling. ↑: increased level, ↓: decreased level; : inhibition, and : stimulation. AT1R: angiotensin II type 1 R; ACE: angiotensin converting enzymes; AGT: angiotensinogen; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor 6.