Lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides Attenuates Microglia-Mediated Inflammation and Phagocytosis and Directs Regulatory T Cell Response

Figure 2

Effect of LPS-Rs on phosphorylation of NF-κB and MAPKs and their indispensable role in LPS activated microglia. Microglia were pretreated with LPS-Rs followed by LPS for indicated time. Phosphorylation and translocation of p-65 NF-κB were detected after 1 hr by immunofluorescence (a) (scale bars = 50 μm) and Western blot (b). Phosphorylated and total protein expression of MAPKs was detected by Western blotting assay using specific antibodies (c, d). Production of TNF-α (e) and nitric oxide (f) into the culture medium was analysed after 24 hrs by ELISA and Griess reagent, respectively. The error bars represent the mean ± SEM from three independent experiments ( versus control and versus LPS). UN: untreated, LPS: lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 055 : B5 (1 µg/mL), RS: lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (0.5–5 µg/mL), SB: SB202190 (10 µM), PD: PD184352 (5 µM), SP: SP600125 (10 µM), and CUR: Curcumin (10 µM).