| Plants | Bioactive compounds and/or extracts | Animals used | Hepatotoxic agents | Anti-inflammatory mechanisms |
| C. longa | Curcumin | Male BALB/c mice [86] | ConA | ↓TNF-α, ↓IFN-γ, ↓IL-4, ↓ICAM-1, ↓CXCL10, and ↓CD4+ | Male BALB/c mice [91] | ConA | ↓TNF-α, ↓IFN-γ, ↑IL-10, ↑TLR2, ↑TLR4, ↑TLR9, and ↓Kupffer cells | Male C57BL/6 mice [73] | ConA | ↓TNF-α, ↓IFN-γ, and ↓HMGB1 | Male BALB/c mice [74] | ConA | ↓HMGB1, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, and ↓IL-6 |
| S. marianum | Silymarin | Male C57BL/6 mice [132] | Ethanol | ↓TNF-α |
| G. biloba | EGB | Male Wistar rats [133] | CCl4 | ↓TNF-α and ↓IL-6 |
| S. miltiorrhiza | Polysaccharides | Kunming mice [105] | LPS + BCG | ↓NF-κB, ↑PRDX6, and ↓iNOS | Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate | Male C57BL/6 mice [89] | ConA | ↓TNF-α, ↓IFN-γ, ↓CXCL10, ↓MIP-1α, ↓RANTES, ↓STAT1, ↓NF-κB, and ↑IκBα | Tanshinone IIA | Male Kunming mice [103] | ConA | ↑CD3+, ↑CD4+, ↑CD8+, ↓IL-2, ↓IL-4, ↓IFN-γ, ↓TNF-α, and ↑IL-10 | Salvianolic acid A | Male SD rats [134] | CCl4 | ↓TNF-α |
| G. glabra | Glycyrrhizin | Male C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice [135] | ConA | ↑IL-10 | Male ICR mice [128] | CCl4 | ↓TNF-α, ↓iNOS, ↓COX-2, and ↑HO-1 | Male BALB/c mice [136] | LPS + D-GalN | ↓IL-18 | Male BALB/c mice [92] | ConA | ↓iNOS, ↓neutrophils, and ↓macrophages | Male SD rats [75] | I/R | ↓HMGB1 |
| S. baicalensis | Baicalin | Male BALB/c mice [137] | ConA | ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, and ↓IFN-γ | Male ICR mice [129] | CCl4 | ↓TNF-α, ↓iNOS, and ↑HO-1 | BALB/c mice [106] | LPS + D-GalN and TNF-α + D-GalN | ↓TNF-α, ↓NF-κB p65, and ↑HO-1 | Male SD rats [107] | I/R | ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓iNOS, ↓COX-2, ↑HO-1, ↓NF-κB p65, and ↑IκBα |
| Phyllanthus species | Ethanolic extract of fruits from P. emblica | Male Wistar rats [138] | Ethanol | ↓IL-1β | P. urinaria koreanis | C57BL/6 mice [108] | MCD | ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓p-JNK, and ↓NF-κB p65 | Ethanolic extract of P. rheedii | Wistar rats [139] | D-GalN | ↓TNF-α | Aqueous extract of P. amarus | Male Wistar rats [140] | Ethanol | ↓TNF-α |
| B. aristata | Berberine | Male BALB/c mice [141] | CCl4 | ↓TNF-α, ↓iNOS, and ↓COX-2 |
| P. kurroa | Picroliv | Male SD rats [93] | I/R | ↓IL-1α, ↓IL-1β, and ↓neutrophils |
| Ginseng species | 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 | Male Wistar rats [109] | LPS | ↓NF-κB p65, ↓iNOS, ↓COX-2, and ↑HO-1 | Ginsenoside Rd | Male ICR mice [142] | LPS | ↓iNOS and ↓COX-2 | Ginsenoside Rg1 | Male C57BL/6 mice [87] | ConA | ↓TNF-α, ↓IFN-γ, ↓IL-6, ↓NF-κB, ↑IκBα, ↓NF-κB p65, ↓CD4+, ↓CD8+, ↓ICAM-1, and ↓CXCL10 |
| A. paniculata | andrographolide | Male C57BL/6 mice [94] | CCl4 | ↓TNF-α, ↑HO-1, and ↓lymphocytes |
| Coffeespecies | Caffeine, nicotinic acid, and nonsubstituted pyrazinoic acid | Male Wistar rats [143] | LPS + D-GalN | ↓TNF-α and ↑IL-10 | Chlorogenic acid | Male SD rats [76] | I/R | ↓TNF-α, ↓iNOS, ↓COX-2, ↑HO-1, ↑Nrf2, ↓NF-κB p65, ↓HMGB1, ↓IRF-1, and ↓TLR4 |
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Note: : inhibitory effect, : inductor effect, BCG: Bacille Calmette-Guérin, CCl4: carbon tetrachloride, CD3+: cluster of differentiation 3 T-lymphocytes, CD4+: cluster of differentiation 4 T-lymphocytes, CD8+: cluster of differentiation 8 T-lymphocytes, ConA: concanavalin, COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2, CXCL10: interferon gamma-induced protein-10, D-GalN: D-galactosamine, EGB: G. biloba extract, standardized extract of the leaves of G. biloba, a mixture mainly composed of flavonoid glycosides (24%) and terpenoides (6%), including ginkgolides and bilobalide, HMGB1: high mobility group protein B1, HO-1: heme oxygenase-1, I/R: ischemia/reperfusion, IκBα: IkappaBalpha (NF-κB inhibitor), ICAM-1: intracellular adhesion molecule-1, IFN-γ: interferon gamma, IL: interleukin, iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase, IRF-1: interferon regulatory factor 1, LPS: lipopolysaccharides, MCD: methionine and choline deficient diet, MIP-1α: macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, NF-κB: nuclear factor kappaB, NF-κB p65: p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappaB, Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, p-JNK: phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinases, PRDX6: peroxiredoxin 6, RANTES: regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, SD: Sprague-Dawley, STAT1: signal transducers and activators of transcription 1, TLR: Toll-like receptor, and TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha.
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