|
Mode | Drug | Remarks | References |
|
Inhibition of DAMPs release | VIP, urocortin, PACAP, acetyl choline | Endogenous, inhibiting nucleus-to-cytoplasm transport of HMGB1 | [160–162] |
EP | Inhibiting nucleus-to-cytoplasm transport of HMGB1 | [173, 174] |
MK-801 | Blocking glutamate/NMDA receptor, reducing HMGB1 release | [163] |
EPA | PPARγ agonist, attenuating HMGB1 release | [164] |
GL | Constituting licorice root, inhibiting HMGB1 release | [161, 165, 166] |
CBX | Synthetic GL, reducing HMGB1 secretion | [167] |
Tanshinones | Constituting herb “Danshen”, inhibiting HMGB1 release | [168] |
Atorvastatin, simvastatin | Attenuating the extracellular release of HMGB1 | [169] |
NM, GM, sivelestat | Synthetic, inhibiting HMGB1 secretion | [170–172] |
|
Neutralization of DAMPs | HMGB1 A box | HMGB1 lacking proinflammatory activity, competitively inhibits HMGB1 | [161, 175–177] |
Anti-HMGB1 antibody | Reduction in proinflammatory role | [179] |
Aβ vaccine | Generation of anti-Aβ antibodies | [180] |
|
Blockade of DAMPs-specific receptors | VIPER | Peptide, blocking TLR4 | [204] |
Anti-TLR2 antibody | Reduction in proinflammatory role | [182] |
Anti-TLR4 antibody | Reduction in proinflammatory role | [182] |
RAGE vaccine | RAGE/Aβ complex has greater immunogenic response than RAGE or Aβ alone | [180] |
S100P-derived peptide | Competitive inhibitor of RAGE | [161, 183] |
FPS-ZM1 | RAGE specific antagonist | [184] |
MCC950 | Potent, selective inhibitor of NLRP3 | [186] |
IL-1RA | Blocking IL-1R | [187] |
|
Inhibition of signaling pathways downstream of receptors | Resveratrol | Natural polyphenol | [189] |
Exogenous PACAP | Inhibiting the upregulation of TLR4, MyD88, P-IκB, and NF-κB | [190] |
MTX | HMGB1 binding property, reducing HMGB1/RAGE interaction | [191] |
Simvastatin | Attenuating TLR4 and NF-κB expression | [192] |
Luteolin | Fruit and vegetable constituent, downregulating TLR4 and NF-κB | [194] |
Tan IIA | Reducing the expression of HMGB1, TLR4, RAGE, and NF-κB | [193] |
MLN519 | Protease inhibitor, modulating NF-κB activity | [195] |
|
Activation of DAMPs clearance | MTC | Inhibiting tau aggregation | [202] |
|