Abstract
The Cr(III) and Mn(II) complexes with a ligand derived from -thiodipropionic acid have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR, UV, and EPR spectral studies. The complexes are found to have [Cr(L)X] and [Mn(L)X]X, compositions, where L = quinquedentate ligand and , and . The complexes possess the six coordinated octahedral geometry with monomeric compositions. The evaluated bonding parameters, and , account for the covalent type metal-ligand bonding. The fungicidal activity of the compounds was evaluated in vitro by employing Food Poison Technique.
1. Introduction
The synthesis of the coordination compounds of the Schiffβs base ligands having N,S-donor binding sites has attracted a considerable attention because of their potential biological activities [1β3]. The main features of these compounds are their preparative accessibility, diversity, structural variability and versatile coordinating properties. These compounds have also been widely investigated to examine the effect of metallation on the antipathogenic activities of such ligand systems. The studies of antipathogenic behavior of these chemically modified species are of paramount importance for designing the metal-based drugs. These compounds have been found to be more effective when they are administered as metal complexes [4β6].
In view of these aspects and our preceding work, we report here the synthesis, spectral, and antifungal studies of Cr(III) and Mn(II) complexes derived from ligand, 3,-thiodipropionic acid bis(4-amino-5-ethylimino-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline).
2. Experimental
The ligand 3,-thiodipropionic acid bis(4-amino-5-ethylimino-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline) (Figure 1) was synthesized according to the literature method [7]. The complexes were synthesized by refluxing 1βmmol of the metal salt (nitrate, chloride, and acetate) with 1βmmol of ligand in acetonitrile for 8β14 hours at 70β80Β°C. The resulting mixture was kept in refrigerator overnight at 0Β°C. The solid powder was filtered, washed with cold acetonitrile and dried under vacuum over P4O10.
The fungicidal activity of the compounds was screened in vitro by employing Food Poison Technique [7] against the plant pathogens viz. Alternaria brassicae, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium oxysporum.
Microanalytical analyses were performed on a Carlo-Erba 1106 analyzer. IR spectra were recorded as KBr pellets in the region 4000β200βc on an FT-IR spectrum BX-II spectrophotometer. The electronic spectra were recorded on Shimadzu UV mini-1240 spectrophotometer using DMSO/DMF as a solvent. EPR spectra were recorded in solid and solution forms on an E4-EPR spectrometer at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature operating in X-band region. The molar conductance of complexes was measured in DMSO/DMF at room temperature on an ELICO (CM 82T) conductivity bridge. The magnetic susceptibility was measured at room temperature on a Gouy balance using CuSO4.5H2O as callibrant.
3. Results and Discussion
The microanalytical data, magnetic moments, and other physical properties of complexes are summarized in Table 1. As we reported earlier [7], the ligand coordinates to the metal atom in the NNSNN fashion via five binding sites and forms the stable complexes having [Cr(L)X]X2 and [Mn(L)X]X compositions. The molar conductance value accounts for the and electrolytic nature of Cr(III) and Mn(II) complexes, respectively, (Table 1) [8]. The magnetic moments of these complexes lie in the range 3.78β3.89 () and 5.89β5.98βB.M. ().
The IR spectrum of the free ligand shows bands at 1647, 1621, 1532, 768βc due to (C=O) amide I, (C=N) azomethine, NH in-plane-bending (amide III) vibrations and (CβS), respectively. On coordination, the position of (C=N), amide III and (CβS), bands is altered, which indicates that the nitrogen atoms of C=N and NH groups, and the sulphur atom of the CβS group are coordinated to the central metal atom. Further, the IR spectrum of the ligand also shows a band at 3225βc due to the (NH) stretching vibration. On coordination, this band shows a negative shift, which is in further support of coordination of the NH group through nitrogen. However, the amide I band does not show any considerable change in its position on complexation, which suggests that the C=O group does not participate in coordination [7, 9, 10]. The IR spectra of complexes also give the new bands at 407β497 and 312β328βc due to (MβN) and (MβS) stretching vibrations [7, 11]. This discussion reveals that the ligand coordinates to metal atom in the NNSNN manner. The complexes also show the IR bands due to coordinated anions [12].
The electronic spectra of complexes were recorded in DMF/DMSO solution. The electronic spectra of Cr(III) complexes exhibit the absorption bands in the range 13280β19231, 25028β27027, and 36764β37735βc due to the (F)(), (F)(), and (P)() spin allowed d-d transitions, respectively. These bands suggest an octahedral geometry for Cr(III) complexes (Figure 2) [13].
The electronic spectra of Mn(II) complexes show the absorption bands in the range 16970β19540, 22280β24390, and 26109β27624βc. These absorption bands may be assigned to the (4G), (4G), and , (4G) transitions, respectively. These bands suggest that the complexes possess an octahedral geometry [13]. The complexes also show the band in the region 34843β38022βc due to a charge transfer transition. Different ligand field parameters have been evaluated for the complexes and the value of covalency factor (0.43β0.79) reflects the covalent nature of the LM bond. The covalency factor was evaluated by using the expression , where is the Racah interelectronic repulsion parameter. The value of lies in the range 542β784 and 418β763βc for Cr(III) and Mn(II) complexes, respectively.
The X-band EPR spectra for Cr(III) complexes in solid form show a broad signal at 1.9829β2.2870. The signal does not show hyperfine splitting due large line widths. The EPR results of Cr(III) complexes are consistent with the presence of hexacoordinated Cr(III) centers [14].
The EPR spectra for Mn(II) complexes in solid form give broad signal at 1.9763β2.1351 both at room temperature and at liquid nitrogen temperature. However, the EPR spectra of complexes in solution (RT and LNT) show the hyperfine splitting and give six lines at 1.9835β2.5961 (55Mn, ). The hyperfine coupling constant was evaluated and its values (90.0β96.0) are consistent with the complexes having Mn(II) central metal atom in an octahedral field [15].
The results of the antipathogenic activity of compounds are summarized in Table 2. The fungal inhibition capacity of the compounds was compared with the standard fungicide Captan. The data indicate that the complexes possess greater fungicidal activity in comparison to ligand which is due to their higher lipophilicity. This modified fungicidal behaviour of the complexes is based on the Overtoneβs Concept and Chelation Theory [7].
4. Conclusions
The spectral analysis of the compounds reveals that the ligand acts as quinquedentate chelate and bound to the metal atoms through NNSNN-donor sites. The bonding parameters account for the covalent nature of LM bond. The complexes are six coordinated with metal atom surrounded by an octahedral coordinating species. The screening of fungicidal activity of compounds led to the conclusion that complexes possess moderate antipathogenic behavior than the free ligand.
Acknowledgments
The authors sincerely express their thanks to DRDO, New Delhi financial support and Dr. P. Sharma, Principal Scientist, IARI, Pusa, New Delhi for providing laboratory facility for determining the fungicidal activity.