Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Novel Chromone Based Dithiazoles as Antimicrobial Agents

Aggarwal, Naureen; Sharma, Vishal; Kaur, Harpreet; Ishar, Mohan Paul Singh

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/815453

International Journal of Medicinal Chemistry

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2013 | Article ID 815453 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/815453

Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Novel Chromone Based Dithiazoles as Antimicrobial Agents

Naureen Aggarwal,¹Vishal Sharma,¹Harpreet Kaur,²and Mohan Paul Singh Ishar¹

Academic Editor: Qidong You

Received10 Aug 2013

Revised16 Sept 2013

Accepted10 Oct 2013

Published27 Nov 2013

Abstract

Novel substituted 1,2,4-dithiazolylchromones 3a–j were synthesized by the reaction of 3-formylchromones (1a–j) with two equivalents of p-chlorothiobenzamide (2) in dry xylene and characterized spectroscopically (IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, mass) and elemental analysis. All synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains and were found to possess good to moderate inhibitory potential against all tested strains. Antimicrobial results reveal that compounds bearing lipophilic electron withdrawing groups such as chloro and bromo displayed significant inhibitory potential against both bacterial and fungal strains. Particularly, compound 3c displayed significant inhibitory against bacterial strains and compound 3h exhibits significant inhibitory potential in comparison to standard drug fluconazole against fungal strain S. cerevisiae.

1. Introduction

Fungal and bacterial infections are affecting millions of people worldwide, and are associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity [1]. Resistance to antimicrobial agents is becoming a major problem; microbes acquire the ability to resist antimicrobial drugs by undergoing genetic changes either by mutation or gene transfer within or between species that allow microbes to defend themselves against the antimicrobial agents [2]. Therefore, the discovery of new antimicrobials has assumed critical importance to combat the fungal and bacterial infections. Heterocycles containing N and S are found to display variety of biological activities; amongst them, dithiazoles both 1,2,3- and 1,2,4- are endowed with interesting biological activities, in particular, antimicrobial activity [3]. Similarly, chromone moiety constitutes the basic nucleus of flavones, which are most important and widespread natural product of plants and display a large number of biological activities such as antifungal [4], antibacterial [5], anticancer [6], antiviral [7], antioxidant [8] antimalarial [9] neuroprotective [10], and HIV inhibitory [11].

Recently, we have reported the synthesis of 3-(5-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]-dithiazol-3-yl) chromen-4-ones with significant inhibitory potential against microbial strains; particularly, compound having both electron withdrawing groups such as chloro and fluoro linked with chromone ring showed more inhibitory potential against fungal strains than standard drug [12]. Therefore, it was decided in the present study to incorporate chloro group at the phenyl ring of the 1,2,4-dithiazolylchromones in order to observe the effect of novel substitution on antimicrobial activity.

2. Result and Discussion

Substituted 3-formylchromones (1a–j) were reacted with two equivalents of p-chlorothiobenzamide (2) in dry xylene for 3-4 hours leading to the formation of substituted 3-[5′-(p-chloro)-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]-dithiazol-3′-yl]-4H-chromen-4-one (3a–j). The crude mixtures were purified by column chromatography over silica gel (60–120 mesh) and eluted with 1% ethyl acetate in hexane. The purified products were characterized by spectroscopic techniques such as IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, and mass and elemental analysis (Scheme 1, Table 1).

¹H NMR spectrum of compound 3c showed a doublet at δ 8.21 ( Hz) assigned to C3′-H and another doublet at δ 7.75 ( Hz) attributed to C2-H of chromone moiety. These NMR spectral features are indicative of an intact chromone ring. ¹³C NMR spectrum showed resonances at δ 174.8 (C=O), 156.2 (C3′), 140.3 (C3), and at 82.8 corresponding to (C5′), besides the other anticipated carbon resonances of chromone as well as dithiazole ring of compound 3c. Its IR spectrum showed a characteristic band at 1645.7 cm⁻¹ attributed to (C=O) group and band at 771.4 cm⁻¹ corresponding to the disulphide linkage (-S-S-). Mass spectrum revealed a molecular ion peak at m/z 361.5(M⁺) corresponding to molecular mass 361.5 of compound 3c and its elemental composition is also corroborated by the microanalytical data.

3. Antimicrobial Evaluation

3.1. Antibacterial Activity

In vitro antibacterial activity of compounds (3a–j) were established against five human pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC96), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 2451), Escherichia coli (MTCC 82), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2642), and Salmonella typhimurium (MTCC 1251). The antibacterial activity of compounds was determined, with comparison to standard antibiotic discs of amoxicillin and gentamycin. Inhibitory potential of the synthesized compounds was determined in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in μg/mL (Table 2) by using turbidity method.

All synthesized compounds (3a–j) were found to be active against all pathogenic bacterial strains. Compound 3c showed excellent inhibitory activity against B. subtilis with MIC 0.78, which is comparable with positive control gentamycin, followed by compound 3h with MIC 1.56, wherein compound 3f showed inhibitory activity with MIC 3.12. Compounds 3a, 3c, and 3e displayed promising activity against S. aureus with MIC 6.25. Compound 3h exhibited great inhibitory activity against E. coli with MIC 1.56 followed by compounds 3c and 3g with MIC 3.12, wherein compounds 3f and 3i with MIC 6.25. Compounds 3h and 3c showed good inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa and S. typhi with MIC 6.25 and 12.5, respectively.

3.2. Antifungal Activity

In vitro antifungal activity of various synthesized compounds (3a–j) was carried out against three fungal strains, that is, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MTCC 172), Candida albicans (MTCC 3018), and Cryptococcus gastricus (MTCC 1715). Fluconazole was used as a positive control. Inhibitory potential of the synthesized compounds was determined in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in μg/mL using turbidity method (Table 3).

In the case of fungal strain S. cerevisiae, compound 3h displayed very high inhibitory activity with MIC 0.78, which is more than that of fluconazole used as positive control under similar conditions, followed by compound 3g with MIC 3.12 and compound 3a with MIC 6.25. Compound 3c exhibited promising inhibitory activity against C. albicans with MIC 3.12, which is higher than standard positive control, followed by compounds 3a, 3e, and 3h with MIC 6.25. Compounds 3h showed comparable inhibitory activity against C. gastricus (MIC 6.25) with standard drug fluconazole, followed by 3c with MIC 12.5, respectively. The structure activity relationship of all the synthesized compounds was developed on the basis of obtained in vitro antimicrobial results. The substitution of -chloro group at para position of phenyl ring of the 1,2,4-dithiazole enhanced the inhibitory activity against various bacterial and fungal strains comparison to our previously synthesized compounds [12]. It was observed that substitution of electron withdrawing groups at C₆ and C₇ positions of chromone ring leads to an increase in both antifungal and antibacterial activities. Therefore, efforts are made to perform substitution with different electron withdrawing groups at C₆, C₇, and C₈ positions of the chromone ring. C₆ position of chromone moiety also has been substituted with electron donating substitution that is, -methyl, to compare the antimicrobial activity with electron withdrawing substitutions and results revealing that electron donating substitution decreases both antifungal and antibacterial activities. Substitution at C₇ with electron withdrawing groups fluoro and bromo leads to an increase in both antifungal and antibacterial activities, especially, against B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. cerevisiae.

4. Conclusion

Various substituted 3-[5-(p-chloro)-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]-dithiazol-3′-yl]-4H-chromen-4-one (3a–j) were synthesized and characterized by rigorous spectroscopic techniques such as ¹H and ¹³C NMR, IR, and mass and elemental analysis. All synthesized compounds (3a–j) were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Compound 3c exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against B. subtilis with MIC 0.78 followed by compound 3h which displayed promising inhibitory activity against B. subtilis and E. coli with MIC 1.56. Compound 3h showed excellent inhibitory activity against S. cerevisiae with MIC 0.78 as compared to standard drug fluconazole and compound 3c showed promising inhibitory activity against C. albicans with MIC 3.12. These compounds can be taken as “lead” to develop more potent antimicrobial agents.

5. Materials and Methods

5.1. Chemistry

Starting materials and reagents were purchased and used after further purification (crystallization/distillation). JEOL AL-300FT (300 MHz) NMR spectrometer was used to record ¹H and ¹³C NMR (75 MHz) spectra and chemical shifts (δ) are reported as downfield displacements from tetramethylsilane (TMS) used as internal standard and coupling constants () are reported in Hz. IR spectra were recorded with Shimadzu FT-IR-8400S on KBr pellets. Mass spectra (ESI method) were recorded on Bruker Daltonics esquire 300 mass spectrometer and HR-MS (ESI-TOF). Elemental analyses were carried out on a Thermoelectron EA-112 elemental analyser and reported in percent abundance.

5.2. Synthesis of Substituted 3-[5′-(p-Chloro)-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4-dithiazol]-3′-yl]-4H-chromen-4-ones (3a–j)

The reaction were carried out by refluxing substituted 3-formylchromones (300 mg, 1.30 mmol) with p-chlorothiobenzamide (460.2 mg, 3.35 mmol) in a 100 mL round bottom flask using dry xylene (10 mL) as a solvent at a temperature of 200°C. The heating duration was standardized by monitoring the progress of reaction by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the contents were allowed to cool and the solvent (xylene) was evaporated under reduced pressure [12]. The crude mixtures were purified by column chromatography over Silica gel (60–120 mesh, Loba Chemie 20 g, packed in hexane) and eluted with 1% ethyl acetate in hexane. The purified products were characterized with rigorous techniques such as UV, IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, and mass and elemental analysis.

5.3. 3-[5′-(p-Chloro)-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]-dithiazol-3′-yl]-4H-chromen-4-one (3a)

Yellow crystalline solid, (140 mg, 40%); mp: 145–148°C; IR (CHCl₃) (cm⁻¹): 1647, 1465, 761; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.31 (dist. d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 8.27 (dist. d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.90 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.74 (s, 1H, CH) 7.45 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.25 (s, 1H, C₂H), 7.21–7.05 (m, 2H, Ar-H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 174.8 (C=O), 156.5 (C₅), 154.2 (q-arom), 152.7 (C₂), 138.9 (q-arom), 134.1 (q-arom), 130.6 (Ar-CH), 129.4 (Ar-CH), 126.4 (Ar-CH), 125.4 (q-arom), 123.8 (Ar-CH), 122.9 (Ar-CH), 118.4 (Ar-CH), 83.8 (C); MS (ESI) m/z 395.5 (M⁺); analysis: Calcad for (C₁₇H₁₀ClNO₂S₂): C 56.74 H 2.80 N 3.89%; found C 56.70 H 2.75 N 3.80%.

5.4. 3-[5′-(p-Chloro)-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]-dithiazol-3′-yl]-6-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one (3b)

Yellow crystalline solid, (140 mg, 40%); mp: 155–158°C; IR (CHCl₃) (cm⁻¹): 1643, 1483, 775; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.30 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 8.15 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 8.03 (d, 1H, Hz, CH), 7.89 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.71 (d, 1H, Hz, C₂H), 7.48–7.35 (m, 2H, Hz, Ar-H), 1.78 (s. 1H, -CH₃); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 174.8 (C=O), 156.5 (C), 154.7 (q-arom), 152.6 (C₂), 135.4 (q-arom), 134.1 (Ar-CH), 131.6 (Ar-CH), 129.1 (Ar-CH), 128.8 (Ar-CH), 125.1 (q-arom), 124.8 (q-arom), 122.4 (q-arom), 118.4 (Ar-CH), 83.8 (C), 22.4 (-CH₃); MS (ESI): m/z 359.5 (M⁺); analysis: Calcad for (C₁₈H₁₂ClNO₂S₂): C 57.82 H 3.24 N 3.75%; found C 57.75 H 3.16 N 3.70%.

5.5. 7-Chloro-3-[5′-(p-chloro)-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]-dithiazol-3′-yl]-4H-chromen-4-one (3c)

Yellow crystalline solid, (262 mg, 75%); mp: 181–183°C; IR (CHCl₃) (cm⁻¹): 1645, 1475, 773; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.30 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 8.21 (d, 1H, Hz, CH), 7.98 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.98 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.91–7.87 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.75 (d, 1H, Hz, C₂H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 174.8 (C=O), 156.2 (C), 153.6 (C₂), 140.3 (q-arom), 138.3 (q-arom), 135.2 (q-arom), 130.5 (Ar-CH), 129.5 (Ar-CH), 128.4 (Ar-CH), 127.5 (Ar-CH), 124.6 (q-arom), 123.4 (q-arom), 118.3 (Ar-CH), 82.8 (C); MS (ESI): m/z 361.5 (M⁺); analysis: Calcad for (C₁₇H₉ClFNO₂S₂): C 57.82 H 2.40 N 3.71%; found C 57.73 H 2.32 N 3.65%.

5.6. 7-Fluoro-3-[5′-(p-chloro)-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]-dithiazol-3′-yl]-4H-chromen-4-one (3d)

Orange crystalline solid, (187.5 mg, 75%); mp: 180–182°C; IR (CHCl₃) (cm⁻¹): 1647, 1425, 771; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.24 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.89 (overlapping d, 2H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.88 (d, 1H, Hz CH), 7.73 (d, 1H, Hz, C₂H), 7.49–7.41 (m, 2H, Ar-H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 174.8 (C=O), 155.3 (C), 153.2 (q-arom), 152.5 (C₂), 139.6 (q-arom), 135.4 (Ar-CH), 131.8 (q-arom), 130.5 (Ar-CH), 130.1 (q-arom), 129.7 (Ar-CH), 125.8 (Ar-CH), 123.4 (q-arom), 119.8 (Ar-CH), 82.8 (C); HRMS (ESI-TOF): Calcad for (C₁₇H₉ClBrNO₂S₂): m/z 437.2050; found 437.2050 (M⁺); analysis: Calcad for (C₁₇H₉ClBrNO₂S₂): C 46.54 H 2.07 N 3.19%; found C 46.46 H 2.02 N 3.12%.

5.7. 7-Bromo-3-[5′-(p-chloro)-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]-dithiazol-3′-yl]-4H-chromen-4-one (3e)

Light orange crystalline solid, (200 mg, 80%); mp: 140-143°C; IR (CHCl₃) (cm⁻¹): 1685, 1442, 771; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.13 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 8.10 (d, 1H, Hz CH), 7.92 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.64 (d, 1H, Hz, C₂H), 7.42–7.31 (m, 2H, Ar-H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 174.8 (C=O), 156.6 (C), 152.6 (C₂), 140.3 (q-arom), 138.8 (q-arom), 130.5 (Ar-CH), 130.1 (q-arom), 129.3 (Ar-CH), 127.6 (Ar-CH), 126.4 (Ar-CH), 123.2 (q-arom), 122.3 (q-arom), 118.3 (Ar-CH), 82.8 (C); HRMS (ESI-TOF): Calcad for (C₁₇H₉Cl₂NO₂S₂) m/z 399.9694; found 399.9694 (M⁺); analysis: Calcad for (C₁₇H₉Cl₂NO₂S₂): C 51.78 H 2.30 N 3.55%; found C 51.70 H 2.30 N 3.55%.

5.8. 6-Fluoro-3-[5′-(p-chloro)-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]-dithiazol-3′-yl]-4H-chromen-4-one (3f)

Light yellow crystalline solid, (200 mg, 80%), mp: 170–175°C; IR (CHCl₃) (cm⁻¹): 1649, 1461, 771; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.16 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.92 (d, 1H, Hz, C₂-H), 7.83 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.65 (d, 1H, Hz CH), 7.56 (d, 1H, and 2.4 Hz, Ar-H), 7.40 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.35 (d, 1H, Hz, C₂H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 174.8 (C=O), 156.8 (C), 152.6 (C₂), 139.1 (q-arom), 134.3 (Ar-CH), 133.8 (q-arom),131.7 (q-arom), 130.5 (Ar-CH), 129.8 (q-arom), 129.3 (C₅), 125.7 (Ar-CH), 124.8 (q-arom), 119.9 (Ar-CH), 82.8 (C); HRMS (ESI-TOF): Calcad for (C₁₇H₉Cl₂NO₂S₂) m/z 415.2220; found 415.2220 (M + Na⁺); analysis: Calcad for (C₁₇H₉Cl₂NO₂S₂): C 51.78 H 2.30 N 3.55%; found C 51.70 H 2.30 N 3.55%.

5.9. 6-Chloro-3-[5′-(p-chloro)-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]-dithiazol-3′-yl]-4H-chromen-4-one (3g)

Orange crystalline solid, (212.5 mg, 85 5%), mp: 183–185°C; IR (CHCl₃) (cm⁻¹)^: 1635, 1458, 775; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.13 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.89 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.69 (d, 1H, Hz CH), 7.66 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.56 (dd, 1H, and 1.2 Hz, Ar-H), 7.45 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.40 (d, 1H, Hz, C₂H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 174.8 (C=O), 156.3 (q-arom), 153.5 (C₂), 152.5 (C), 139.7 (q-arom), 135.6 (Ar-CH), 131.8 (q-arom), 130.5 (Ar-CH), 130.3 (q-arom), 129.3 (Ar-CH), 125.8 (Ar-CH), 123.4 (q-arom), 118.8 (Ar-CH), 82.8 (C); HRMS (ESI-TOF): Calcad for (C₁₇H₉ClBrNO₂S₂) m/z 461.8813; found 461.8813 (M + Na⁺); analysis: Calcad for (C₁₇H₉ClBrNO₂S₂): C 46.54 H 2.07 N 3.19%; found C 46.46 H 2.02 N 3.12%.

5.10. 6-Bromo-3-[5′-(p-chloro)-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]-dithiazol-3′-yl]-4H-chromen-4-one (3h)

Yellow crystalline solid, (200 mg, 80%); mp: 165–169°C; IR (CHCl₃) (cm⁻¹): 1635, 1458, 775; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.30 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.90 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.71 (d, 1H, Hz CH), 7.40 (d, 1H, Hz, C₂H), 7.20 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.16–7.08 (m, 2H, Ar-H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 174.8 (C=O), 156.2 (C), 153.6 (C₂), 140.3 (q-arom), 138.2 (q-arom), 135.4 (q-arom), 130.5 (Ar-CH), 129.3 (Ar-CH), 128.4 (Ar-CH), 127.5 (Ar-CH), 124.7 (q-arom), 123.4 (q-arom), 118.3 (Ar-CH), 82.8 (C); HRMS (ESI-TOF): Calcad for (C₁₇H₉ClFNO₂S₂) m/z 413.2697; found 413.2697 (M + Na⁺); analysis: Calcad for (C₁₇H₉ClFNO₂S₂): C 57.82 H 2.40 N 3.71%; found C 57.73 H 2.32 N 3.65%.

5.11. 3-[5′-(p-Chloro)-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]-dithiazol-3′-yl]-6,8-dichloro-4H-chromen-4-one (3i)

Orange crystalline solid, (160 mg, 53.3%); mp: 175–178°C; IR (CHCl₃) (cm⁻¹): 1647, 1442.7, 771; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.39 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 8.14 (d, 1H, Hz, CH), 8.07 (d, 1H, Hz, C₂H), 8.04 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.97–7.26 (m, 2H, Ar-H);¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 174.8 (C=O), 156.8 (C), 156.2 (C₂), 140.3 (q-arom), 138.5 (q-arom), 130.5 (Ar-CH), 130.1 (q-arom), 129.8 (q-arom), 128.3 (Ar-CH), 126.4 (Ar-CH), 123.5 (q-arom), 122.5 (q-arom), 118.3 (Ar-CH), 82.8 (C); analysis; Calcad for (C₁₇H₈Cl₃NO₂S₂): C 47.62 H 1.88 N 3.27%; found C 47.52 H 1.70 N 3.19%; Calcad for (C₁₇H₉Cl₂NO₂S₂): C 51.78 H 2.30 N 3.55%; found C 51.70 H 2.30 N 3.55%.

5.12. 8-Chloro-3-[5′-(p-chloro)-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]-dithiazol-3′-yl]-4H-chromen-4-one (3j)

Yellow crystalline solid, (140 mg, 40%); mp: 171–175°C; IR (CHCl₃) (cm⁻¹): 1647, 1456, 771; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.19 (dd, 1H, and 1.5 Hz, Ar-H), 7.90 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.87 (d, 1H, Hz CH), 7.75 (dd, 1H, and 1.5 Hz, Ar-H), 7.48 (d, 1H, Hz, Ar-H), 7.43 (d, 1H, Hz, C₂H), 7.41-7.36 (m, 1H, Ar-H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 174.8 (C=O), 156.8 (C), 156.2 (C₂), 139.5 (q-arom), 135.6 (q-arom), 133.6 (q-arom), 131.4 (q-arom), 130.5 (Ar-CH), 129.6 (q-arom), 129.3 (Ar-CH), 125.7 (Ar-CH), 124.8 (q-arom), 119.5 (Ar-CH), 82.8 (C); analysis: Calcad for (C₁₇H₉Cl₂NO₂S₂): C 51.78 H 2.30 N 3.55%; found C 51.70 H 2.30 N 3.55%.

6. Biological Activity

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of synthesized compounds were evaluated using the broth macro dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) [13, 14].

6.1. Antibacterial Activity

6.1.1. Bacteria and Media

The bacterial strains used were Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC2451), Escherichia coli (MTCC 82), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2642), and Salmonella typhimurium (MTCC 1251) from Microbial Type Culture Collection, IMTECH Chandigarh, India. Bacteria were cultivated at 37°C in Mueller-Hinton agar medium. The compounds (3a–j) were dissolved in methanol and applied in different concentrations. Methanol was used as negative control and amoxicillin and gentamycin were used as positive controls.

6.1.2. MIC Determination

The broth dilution test was performed in test tubes. In twofold serial dilutions of the compounds, a standardised suspension (McFarland turbidity standard) of test bacteria (100 μL) was added to obtain a final concentration. A growth control tube and sterility control tube were used in each test. After overnight incubation at 37°C, the MIC was determined by measuring optical density at 600 nm as the lowest concentration that inhibits growth, evidenced by the absence of turbidity.

6.2. Antifungal Activity

6.2.1. Fungi and Media

The fungal strains used were Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MTCC 172), Candida albicans (MTCC 3018) and Cryptococcus gastricus (MTCC 1715). Fungi were cultivated at 26°C in Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SBD). The compounds (119a–j) were dissolved in methanol and applied in different concentrations. Methanol was used as negative control and fluconazole as positive control.

6.2.2. MIC Determination

The broth dilution test was performed in test tubes. The conidial suspension gave the final concentration. A growth tube and sterility control tube were used in each test. After 48 h incubation at 26°C, the MIC was determined visually as the lowest concentration that inhibits growth, evidenced by the absence of turbidity.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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Copyright © 2013 Naureen Aggarwal et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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