Abstract
Coumarins appended to benzimidazole through pyrazole are designed and synthesized using microwave irradiation. These compounds were analyzed for phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition indirectly by motility pattern in human spermatozoa. Some of the synthesized compounds, namely, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, and 5k, have exhibited potent inhibitory activity on PDE.
1. Introduction
The development of simple, mild, practicable, cheap eco-benign method for the synthesis of heterocycles has grabbed the attention of researchers. In particular, microwave assisted organic synthesis has become a rapidly growing field in organic chemistry as this technique makes reaction time shorter and tolerates wide range reactions which are best suited to the increased demands of industry [1] and some of the synthesized compounds were screened by PDE.
PDE inhibitors are therapeutic agents which target PDE isoenzymes and inhibit the catabolism of the secondary messengers such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), thus prolonging the biological effect determined by the type of cell involved. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) catalyze the hydrolysis of cAMP and/or cGMP. They function in conjunction with adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases to regulate the amplitude and duration of cell signaling mechanisms mediated via cAMP and cGMP. They therefore serve to regulate a range of biological responses to first messengers such as light vascular resistance, cardiac output, visceral motility, immune response [2], inflammation [3], neuroplasticity, vision [4], and reproduction [5]. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) modulate the activity of cyclic nucleotides by regulating their degradation. PDEs are critical determinants for modulation of cellular levels of cAMP and/or cGMP by many stimuli [6]. Thus, the ubiquitously present PDEs play a pivotal role in regulating cell signaling the breakdown of cAMP and cGMP.
The fold selectivity for PDE5 over PDE11A4 for Sildenafil (1000-fold selectivity) and Vardenafil (9000-fold selectivity) reveals that these drugs are very unlikely to cross-react with PDE11A4 in patients treated with these medications. On the contrary, it was suggested to use the newest PDE5 inhibitor Tadalafil with caution. In fact, the 40-fold selectivity ratio of Tadalafil for PDE5 over PDE11A4 is significantly lower than those reported with the other two drugs and is nearly the same as that reported for Sildenafil over PDE1 (41-fold). In this case, it has been suggested that the 41-fold selectivity of Sildenafil for PDE5 over PDE1 may induce vasodilatation, flushing, and tachycardia. Within human PDE11A family, the alternative splicing leads to generation of proteins which display unique properties [7, 8].
Benzimidazole nucleus is the key building block for numerous drugs that play beneficial roles in the functioning of biologically important molecules. Specifically, this nucleus is a constituent of Vit B12 and many currently existing medications. Almost all benzimidazoles with different heterocyclic substituents led to essential modification in their physicochemical, metabolic, and pharmacokinetic properties [9]. Benzimidazole is a core structural moiety found in some of the important drugs like albendazole (I), mebendazole (II), thiabendazole (III), rabeprazole (IV), and so forth. Literature survey revealed that coumarin (V) scaffolds were proved to increase the cAMP levels through the specific inhibition of PDE3 in accordance with their common structural features [10] and pyrazole (VI) derivatives have been explored for the identification of phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitors as is exemplified by the discovery and development of tofimilast [11]; also most of the benzimidazole (VII) derivatives have shown very prominent PDE (10A) activity [12]. Coumarin, pyrazole, and benzimidazole core structural moiety are found in some of the important PDE inhibition compounds by Yang et al. [13] (Figure 1).
Also, the scaffolds containing coumarin, pyrazole and benzimidazole are the key moieties in heterocyclic chemistry and are important structural units of various natural and synthetic biologically active molecules. They are known to possess a wide range of pharmacological activities that include antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Many coumarin derivatives have shown anticancer, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, and cardiovascular activities [14–22].
During drug development of PDEs, it was believed that SAR of pyrazole and pyrazole replacements that remove the hydrogen bond donor were very promising. The structural analogs viz., compounds VIII and X contain benzoxazole and benzimidazole attached to quinoline through oxygen as linker group. These have shown possess promising PDE inhibition as reported by Hamaguchi et al [23]. Also substitution of the pyrazole with simple alkyl groups retained potency while adding minimal molecular weight. The methyl substituted pyrazole IX (Figure 2) in an in vitro P-glycoprotein (PgP) overexpressing cell line had improved the efflux ratios. These above drug development results and the structures of various classes of clinically established PDEs conform to a broadly accepted pharmacophore (Figure 3). This suggests that three important structural requirements are to be present to show PDE inhibition. Those three important parameters are viz., (i) fused heterocyclic ring for good oral bioavailability (ring A)and (ii) a five-membered heterocycle or alkyl chain (B) which is connected to another fused five-membered heterocycle (ring C) [24].
In view of the above and in search of biologically potent novel heterocyclic scaffolds, herein we report facile and inexpensive method for the synthesis of coumarin with pyrazole nucleus and functionalized benzimidazoles in a single moiety with an expectation to obtain potent PDE inhibitor.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemistry
The starting materials 3-acetyl-2H-chromen-2-one 1a–d and 3-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde 3a–d were obtained using literature methods [25]. The synthetic protocols for the title compounds 3-(4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-2H-chromen-2-ones 5a–x are outlined in Scheme 1. Also an optimum condition was established under microwave irradiation for the synthesis of the title compounds 5a–x by condensation of o-arylenediamines 4a–f and 3-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes 3a–d in ethanol in 5–8 min with excellent yields. Compared to conventional method (4–6 hrs), microwave irradiation greatly reduced the reaction time from 3-4 h to 6–8 min. The yield of the product was also increased up to 94% (Table 1).
Structures of all the synthesized compounds 5a–x were confirmed by various spectroscopic techniques, viz., IR, 1H, 13C NMR, MS, and elemental analyses. The compounds have shown strong adsorption band for carbonyl of coumarin and N-H of benzimidazole ring at 1711–1737 and 3345–3368 cm−1 respectively. In case of 1H NMR spectra, all the compounds exhibited a singlet in the range 10.42–13.36 ppm. for benzimidazole N-H ring and coumarin C4H at 7.69–7.92 ppm. The aromatic protons of all pyrazole rings appeared as multiplets in the range 7.32–7.98 ppm. In case of 13C NMR spectral study, the numbers of signals are consistent with number of magnetically nonequivalent carbon atoms in the molecule and in mass spectra all the synthesized title compounds have shown the molecular ion peaks at their respective m/z values.
3. PDE Inhibition Study
3.1. Effect on Motility of Frozen-Thawed Human Spermatozoa
To assess the effect of title compounds on the motility pattern, human spermatozoa subjected to freeze-thaw process was used. It is well documented that freeze-thaw process can have detrimental effect on the motility and survival of the spermatozoa [26]. Therefore, they can be an excellent model to study the effect of any test compounds on the motility [27].
In the present study, we assessed the motility pattern in spermatozoa processed with media containing various compounds manually at 1, 4, and 24 h after incubation in vitro. Three arbitrary doses were selected (0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 µg/mL) for each compound to assess their effect on sperm motility. Pentoxifylline (PTF), which is known to enhance the human sperm motility by elevating intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level [27], was taken as a positive control. Based on the previous report, PTF at 1 mM concentration was used [28]. Since the test compounds were not soluble in water, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 0.05%) was used as vehicle control.
The sperm motility enhancement property of the compounds was categorized as below:
(a) Marginal: which resulted in <5% increase in the motility; (b) Good: which resulted in 5–10% increase in motility; (c) Excellent: which resulted in >10% increase in motility; (d) Poor: where there was no enhancement in motility.
At 1 h after the in vitro incubation, the majority of the compounds had marginal effect on the sperm motility compared to control. At this interval, PTF had higher percentage of total and progressively motile spermatozoa compared to all the test compounds. A large number of studies have shown that PTF can trigger the motility in fresh or frozen-thawed spermatozoa as early as 1 h [29], even though the majority of the studies indicate that this effect is mainly due to the elevated cAMP level in the spermatozoa [30], it can also be mediated through tyrosine phosphorylation [31].
Compounds 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5g, 5h, and 5k induced marginal enhancement in total motility while compounds 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5j resulted in similar effect on progressive motility (Tables 2(a) and 2(b)). A 5–10% increase in total motility was induced by compound 5j. However, with respect to progressive motility, compounds 5d, 5e, 5f, and 5k came under compounds with good effect on motility. More than 10% increase in progressive motility was observed only for compound 5g (at 0.5 µg/mL concentration) and compound 5h (at 5 µg/mL concentration).
A time-dependent decrease in total and progressive motility was observed in all the groups. However, the decline was more evident at 24 h interval. This phenomenon has been documented by earlier studies [28]. These changes may be related to the oxidative stress induced by in vitro culture conditions. Spermatozoa are highly susceptible to reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to high polyunsaturated fatty acid content in their plasma membrane and negligible amount of cytoplasmic antioxidants.
At 4 h interval, compounds 5e, 5f, and 5g enhanced the progressive motility of spermatozoa by 5–10% while compound 5h with two chloro substituents on coumarin and benzimidazole resulted in almost 15% increase in the progressive motility. However, the effect was lower than that of pentoxifylline. The rest of the compounds (5a, 5b, 5c, 5f, and 5j) induced a marginal increase in motility except in compound 5e in which the motility was lower than the control group.
At 24 h interval, the majority of the compounds (5a, 5b, 5d, 5f, 5h, and 5j) had marginally higher percentage of motility or poor motility compounds (5c, 5e, and 5g) compared to control. Interestingly, compound 5k with chloro substituent on coumarin and bromo substitution on benzimidazole had higher percentage of motile spermatozoa compared to control (14% higher) and even PTF (9% higher). This indicates that compound 5k can help in prolonging the in vitro survival of spermatozoa which has significant beneficial role in assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization. Previous studies have shown that even though PTF has triggering effect on the motility, it induces premature acrosome reaction and drastic decrease in motility at later intervals. In this context, the compounds which increase the motility and longevity of spermatozoa under in vitro conditions are of clinical relevance.
Based on the manual motility assessment, we observed that compounds 5d, 5f, 5g, 5h, and 5k have considerable beneficial role in sperm motility. Therefore, these compounds were further assessed for their effect on the kinematics of spermatozoa at 1 h. However, there was no significant difference in the kinematics of spermatozoa compared to control and PTF (Table 3). In conclusion, the newly synthesized coumarin derivatives have sperm motility enhancing property. However, in this preliminary screening we have taken three arbitrary doses to assess their effect on motility. Compounds 5g, 5h, and 5k show considerable beneficial effect which can be of clinical significance where sperm motility enhancement is achieved under in vitro conditions. Compounds 5g and 5h triggered the motility at early intervals, which was similar to the PTF, while compound 5k improved the longevity of the spermatozoa. Since the coumarin is known to have PDE inhibitory function, the motility enhancement could be due to the elevated cAMP level in sperm. However, further detailed studies are essential to understand the mechanism of action of these compounds and their clinical utility.
4. Experimental
All the chemicals and reagents were purchased from the Merck and Aldrich chemical suppliers. Melting points (mp) were determined in open capillaries and are uncorrected. The IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet Impact 410 FT IR spectrometer using KBr pellets (range 4000–500 cm−1). The 1H NMR spectra were recorded at 400 MHz on Bruker Avance FT NMR spectrometer in DMSO-d6 solvent with TMS as internal standard. 13C NMR spectra were recorded at 100 MHz on Bruker Avance FT NMR spectrometer in DMSO-d6 solvent with TMS as internal standard. The mass spectra were recorded on Shimadzu GC-MS operating at 70 eV. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on 0.20 mm Aluchrosep silica gel 60 F254 plates (SD Fine, Mumbai). Microwave irradiation experiments were carried out using CEM Discover SP Microwave Synthesizer equipped with IR sensor to monitor reaction temperatures.
5. General Procedures for the Preparation of Title Compounds 5a–x
3-(2-Oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes (3a–d, 1 mmol) were prepared from 3-acetylcoumarin (1a–d, 1 mmol), phenylhydrazine (1 mmol), and the intermediate (Schiff base) (2a–d, 1 mmol) followed by reaction with POCl3 in DMF by Vilsmeier Haack formylation strategies [25]. The target compounds 5a–x were then achieved by stirring substituted carbaldehyde (3a–d, 1 mmol) with different o-arylenediamine (4a–f, 1 mmol), under reflux for 4-5 hrs. After completion (TLC, hexane : ethylacetate, 7 : 3) of the reaction, the solid obtained was filtered, washed with small quantity of ethanol, and dried. Further, it was recrystallized in methanol to get the pure compound (5a–x).
5.1. Microwave Assisted Procedure for the Preparation of Compounds 5a–x
A mixture of 3-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde (3a–d, 1 mmol) and o-phenylenediamine (4a–f, 1 mmol) taken in ethanol (5 mL) was introduced into a CEM microwave reaction vessel equipped with magnetic stirrer. The reaction mixture was prestirred for 1 min at room temperature and irradiated at 180 W (150°C) for about 6–8 min (TLC using hexane : ethyl acetate (7 : 3 drops) as eluent). The reaction mixture was then quenched into crushed ice and the crude product was filtered, washed, and dried. Recrystallization from methanol gave pure crystals of the compounds 5a–x.
(Spectral as well as elemental analyses data are provided as electronic supplementary file in Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9890630.)
6. Assessment of Phosphodiesterase Inhibition Using Human Spermatozoa as Model
Earlier studies have shown that PDE inhibitors can enhance the sperm motility [32, 33]. Based on this, in the present study we have used an indirect approach to assess the inhibitory effect of the coumarin derivatives on PDE by assessing sperm motility pattern.
6.1. Preparation of Test Solution
Stock solution of the test compounds (1 mg/mL) was prepared by dissolving them in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma, Cat. number D5879). The stock solution was then diluted with Earl's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS) supplemented with 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a ratio of 1 : 200, 1 : 1000, and 1 : 2000 to get working solutions of 5, 1, and 0.5 µg/mL concentrations. The working solutions were preincubated at 37°C and 5% CO2, prior to use.
6.2. Study Subjects
Infertile men who attended Andrology Laboratory, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, during the period of June-July 2015 for routine semen evaluation were included in the study. The subjects with a sexual abstinence of 3–5 days were asked to provide the semen samples by masturbation in a sterile container. Following liquefaction, the semen parameters were assessed as described by Kotdawala et al. [34]. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Kasturba Hospital, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University (IEC. number 155/2015).
6.3. Cryopreservation and Thawing
The liquefied semen samples were cryopreserved by rapid freezing method as described previously [34] with minor modifications. Briefly, the semen samples were mixed with equal volume of freezing medium (Sperm Freeze, FertiPro, Cat. number 0344) in a cryovial (Thermoscientific, Nunc, Cat. number 138627) and kept at 4°C for 10 min, in liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapor phase for 5 min, and then finally plunged into liquid nitrogen. The samples were thawed after 1 week by rapid thawing method by placing them at 37°C for 5 min. The cryoprotectant medium was completely removed by mixing the sperm suspension with EBSS medium and centrifuging at 1000 rpm for 8 min. The resultant pellet was resuspended with fresh EBSS medium and used for further analysis.
6.4. Sample Preparation
To screen the compounds with enhancing effect on the motility of spermatozoa under in vitro conditions, the frozen-thawed semen samples were washed by mixing with equal volume of preincubated Earl’s Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Sigma Cat. number E2888) followed by centrifugation at 1800 rpm for 8 min. The pellet was then gently mixed with 1 mL of EBSS media containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA, Sigma, Cat. number A3311) and equally divided into control, vehicle control, and test groups (with average sperm density of 5 × 104 spermatozoa in each group). The motile sperm were extracted by swim up method as described earlier [35]. The sperm suspension was centrifuged at 1200 rpm for 8 min and the resultant pellet was overlaid with EBSS medium containing various test compounds. The sperm suspensions were incubated for 1 h at 37°C and 5% CO2 after which the motile sperm were collected from the supernatant.
6.5. Motility Assessment
Spermatozoa in the supernatant fraction were assessed for their motility patterns at 1, 4, and 24 h after incubation under light microscope as described earlier [27]. Sperm suspension was (10 µL droplet) placed on a clean microscope slide and a coverslip was placed over it. Spermatozoa with progressive motility and nonprogressive motility and immotile spermatozoa were scored separately from a total of 200 spermatozoa in random fields at 400x magnification.
6.6. Sperm Kinematics Using Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA)
The motion characteristics in the spermatozoa were assessed at 1, 4, and 24 h after incubation using CASA system (ISAS, Spain). Briefly, 5 µL of sperm suspension was placed on a clean microscope slide prewarmed at 37°C. The sperm suspension was covered with prewarmed cover slip (22 × 22 mm) and observed under microscope (negative phase contrast, 10x objectives, Proiser, Spain). For each sample, the kinematics was assessed randomly at ten different fields. The parameters such as curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), wobble (WOB), and beat cross frequency (BCF) were analyzed.
7. Conclusions
In conclusion, we have reported efficient and environmentally benign methodologies for the synthesis of 3-[4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-2H-chromen-2-one derivatives 5a–x by using thermal and by microwave irradiation under neat conditions in presence of ethanol. The reactions carried out under microwave irradiation afforded benzimidazoles in short period of time with excellent yields. Hence, this methodology would make an interesting strategy for the synthesis of various substituted coumarin pyrazole benzimidazoles. Also, compounds 5g, 5h, and 5k exhibited impressive sperm motility enhancing property whereas 5k has spermatozoa longevity property.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to University Scientific Instrumentation Centre (USIC), Karnatak University, Dharwad, for providing mass and IR spectral data. The authors are thankful to Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, for carrying out NMR analyses and to UGC, New Delhi, for the financial assistance under UPE program vide no. [F. No. 14-2/2012 (NS/PE) dated: 22-01-2013]. One of the authors (MNK) acknowledges University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, for fellowship under UGC-UPE program.
Supplementary Materials
The supplementary material available online contains spectral characterization of title compounds 5a-x, copies of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and Mass spectra of compounds 5a, 5d and 5e.