Review Article

Megacities as Sources for Pathogenic Bacteria in Rivers and Their Fate Downstream

Table 2

Some emerging water-borne diseases.

AgentDisease

Bacteria
Vibrio cholerae O139Diarrhea
Aeromonas spp. Gastroenteritis
Escherichia coli EHECDiarrhea
Yersinia enterocolitica Gastrointestinal infections
Campylobacter jejuni Dysentery, high fever, diarrhea
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wound infections with bad healing, otitis, gastroenteritis
Leptospira spp. Meningitis, jaundice, renal failure
Mycobacterium spp. Lesions
Cyanobacteria Neurotoxication

Fungi
Aspergillus spp. Nosocomial aspergillosis

Virus
 Dengue virusDengue fever, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes
 ParvovirusesGastroenteritis
 Hepatitis E virusJaundice, fatigue, fever, diarrhea
 Astrovirus, Calicivirus,  ParvovirusDiarrhea, nausea, fever
 SARSFever, lethargy, cough
 TT virus (Circoviruses)Hepatitis
 Coxsackie B virusMyocarditis
 RotavirusViral gastroenteritis

Protozoa
Isospora belli Isosporiasis, diarrhea, abdominal craps
Toxoplasma gondii Toxoplasmosis, fever, muscle pain, flu-like syndromes
Blastocystis hominis Blastocystosis, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal craps
Balantidium coli Balantidiasis, diarrhea, perforation of the colon
Microsporidia spp. Diarrhea
Cyclospora cayetanensis Nausea, fever, vomiting
Naegleria fowleri Headache, fever, nausea, pharyngitis

Parasites
Heterophyes heterophyes Inflammatory reaction, intestinal pain
Anisakis simplex Intestinal pain, nausea, diarrhea
Gnathostoma spp. Fever, vomiting, anorexia
Angiostrongylus cantonensis Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, meningitis
Clonorchis sinensis Inflammation of the biliary tract, bile adduct carcinoma
Metagonimus yokogawi Abdominal pain, diarrhea