Antimicrobial and Herbal Drug Resistance in Enteric Bacteria Isolated from Faecal Droppings of Common House Lizard/Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus)

Table 5

Variation in antimicrobial drug resistance (% strains) among different groups of bacteria isolated from faecal droppings of geckos.

Antimicrobial drugs used (contents in disc)	% resistant isolates of different groups of bacteria (number of isolates tested)								Chi-test statistics
	Citrobacter spp. (49)	Edwardsiella spp. (5)	Enterobacter spp. (20)	Escherichia spp. (51)	Klebsiella spp. (37)	Salmonella enterica (41)	Other bacteria (20)	Total (223)
A (10 µg)	49	0	60	31.4	100	29.3	55	50.2	1.7×10^−10
CTX (30 µg)	4.1	0	15	15.7	5.4	0	15	8.1	0.062
C (30 µg)	4.1	0	10	17.6	8.1	0	20	9	0.033
Cf (5 µg)	2	0	0	3.9	0	0	0	1.3	0.622
Co (25 µg)	10.2	0	10	37.3	10.8	2.4	15	15.2	1.3×10^−4
G (10 µg)	2	0	0	2	0	0	0	0.9	0.870
Nf (300 µg)	38.8	20	20	23.5	64.9	4.9	30	30.5	1.5×10^−6
T (30 µg)	0	0	0	15.7	2.7	2.4	5	4.9	0.008
AC (500 µg)	61.2	80	80	86.3	73	65.9	65	72.2	0.121
AV (500 µg)	95.9	100	95	100	97.3	100	85	96.9	0.046
EG (500 µg)	95.9	100	80	100	100	97.6	75	94.6	4.6×10^−5
LGO (500 µg)	100	80	90	98	100	97.6	85	96.4	0.007
PO (500 µg)	98	100	85	96.1	100	92.7	85	94.6	0.081
SWO (500 µg)	98	100	95	98	100	97.6	85	96.9	0.079
ZR (500 µg)	75.5	100	75	94.1	91.9	95.1	70	86.1	0.005

Other bacteria include isolates of Erwinia ananas, hafnea alvei, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Leminorella ghirmonti, Listonella damsel, Pragia fontium, Proteus penneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Raoultella terrigena, Serratia fonticola, Serratia marcescens, and Xenorhabdus luminescens.
A: ampicillin; CTX: cefotaxime; C: chloramphenicol; Cf: ciprofloxacin; Co: cotrimoxazole; G: gentamicin; Nf: nitrofurantoin; T: tetracycline; AC: Ageratum conyzoides ethanolic extract; AV: Artemisia vulgaris essential oil; EG: eucalyptus gum; LGO: lemongrass oil; PO: patchouli essential oil; SWO: sandalwood oil; ZR: Zanthoxylum rhetsa ethanolic extract.
Note: Chi-square test was done to test the null hypothesis that type of bacteria had no effect on resistance to antimicrobial drug.