Epidemiology and Changes in Patient-Related Factors from 1997 to 2009 in Clinical Yeast Isolates Related to Dermatology, Gynaecology, and Paediatrics
Table 1
Yeast species distribution listed according to their isolation-frequency during the multicenter studies from 1998 to 2008 (% of individual species), together with their reported and current valid genus and species denominations (empty spaces = no isolates recovered), in comparison to a general German yeast species-distribution survey (2008b) and a survey on yeast distribution in a dermatologic clinic (2002–2011c).
Genus and species denominations
Year isolated/tested
Surveys from Germany
Yeast name reported
Current valid namea
1998–2008
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2008
2008b
2003–2011c
= 1,862
= 15,616
= 3,402
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Candida albicans
Candia albicans
840
45.1
57
25.7
2
1.7
222
85.6
45
16.3
251
46.9
104
60.5
41
54.0
118
57.8
8,718
55.8
2,223
65.3
Candida glabrata
Candida glabrata
266
14.3
18
8.1
111
40.7
77
14.4
23
13.4
5
6.6
32
15.7
2,171
13.9
169
5.0
Candida tropicalis
Candida tropicalis
133
7.1
9
4.1
41
14.8
63
11.8
7
4.1
5
6.6
8
3.9
532
3.4
20
0.6
Candida parapsilosis
Candida parapsilosis
121
6.5
52
23.4
16
5.8
28
5.2
1
0.6
6
7.9
18
8.8
292
1.9
395
11.6
Candida krusei
Issatchenkia orientalis
118
6.3
8
3.6
26
9.4
47
8.8
25
14.5
4
5.3
8
3.9
370
2.4
27
0.8
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
41
2.2
1
0.5
4
3.4
11
4.0
16
3.0
6
3.5
2
2.6
1
0.5
154
1.6
10
0.3
Candida guilliermondii
Meyerozyma guilliermondii
33
1.8
22
9.9
2
0.7
5
0.9
1
1.3
3
1.5
25
0.2
123
3.6
Candida africana
Candida africana
32
1.7
32
12.4
Candida lusitaniae
Clavispora lusitaniae
28
1.5
6
2.7
5
1.8
10
1.9
1
1.3
6
2.9
103
0.7
9
0.3
Candida kefyr
Kluyveromyces marxianus
25
1.3
1
0.5
1
0.9
3
1.1
13
2.4
2
1.2
5
6.6
83
0.9
31
0.9
Candida dubliniensis
Candida dubliniensis
15
0.8
3
1.2
2
0.7
2
0.4
2
2.6
6
2.9
215
1.4
Candia sake
Candia sake
9
0.5
5
1.8
4
0.8
10
0.06
4
0.1
Geotrichum capitatum
Magnusiomyces capitatus
6
0.3
2
0.7
4
0.8
13
0.01
Candida inconspicua
Candida inconspicua
5
0.3
1
0.5
3
0.6
1
1.3
6
0.04
4
0.2
Candida norvegensis
Pichia norvegensis
5
0.3
1
0.4
4
0.8
10
0.06
3
0.1
Candida famata
Debaromyces hansenii
4
0.2
2
0.4
2
1.0
16
0.2
33
1.0
Candida lipolytica
Yarrowia lipolytica
4
0.2
1
0.5
1
0.4
1
0.2
1
0.5
8
0.1
9
0.3
Candida maritima
Candida maritima
2
0.1
2
1.2
Galactomyces geotrichum
Geotrichum candidum
2
0.1
1
0.4
1
0.2
47
0.5
8
0.2
Candida ciferrii
Trichomonascus ciferrii
2
0.1
1
0.4
1
0.2
Candida membranifaciens
Candida membranifaciens
1
0.07
1
0.4
1
0.01
Pichia cactophila
Pichia cactophila
1
0.1
1
0.5
0
0
Candida fermentans
Pichia fermentans
1
0.1
1
0.1
1
0.01
Exophiala dermatitidis
Exophiala dermatitidis
51
2.7
36
16.2
11
9.4
2
0.8
2
0.7
26
0.3
Malassezia spp.
Malassezia spp.
76
4.1
7
3.2
69
58.9
115
3.4
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans
7
0.4
2
0.9
2
0.4
3
4.0
1
0.01
3
0.1
Trichosporon asahii
Trichosporon asahii
3
0.2
1
0.4
2
1.2
5
0.03
26
0.8
Trichosporon mucoides
Trichosporon mucoides
1
01
1
0.5
2
0.01
101
3.0
Prototheca zopfii
Prothoteca zopfii
25
1.3
25
21.4
Prototheca wickerhamii
Prothoteca wickerhamii
5
0.3
5
4.3
According to SpeciesFungorum [47] and Mycobank [48]. Survey of 18 centres, consecutive clinical yeast isolates (all wards) in one quarter of 2008, in parallel to a MCS in 2008 [49]. Only yeast isolates from the Dermatology Department of the Charité, Berlin.
