International Journal of Microbiology

Review Article

Occurrence of Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Impact on Fish Health

Table 2

Mycotoxin levels (μg·kg−1) in fish feed from developing countries.
SourceCountrySample sizeMycotoxin contaminationPL %+Reference
AFFBDONOTANIVAOHT-2ZEN
Tilapia feedsEgypt25<LODnanananananana0Mohamed et al. [34]
Fish feeds processed at farm levelEast Africa52126755.42834.6nd732.591.3<LODna48 (AF), 0 (FB), 0 (DON)Marijani et al. [35]
Abalone feedsSouth Africa 0.984241000.259100nanana0Laubscher [63]
Tilapia feedsMexico30<LOD2587nananananana0Rodriguez-Cervantes et al. [42]
Rainbow troutArgentina282.82<LOD2305.26nana70.0887.970Greco et al. [38]
Fish feedsIran8668.5nanananananana17.1Fallah et al. [39]
Fish feedsBrazil60<LOD4.94na<LODnananana0Barbosa et al. [40]
Fish feedsCentral Europenanana825nananana5110Pietsch et al. [64]
Fish feedsEgypt50150nanananananana40Hassan et al. [44]
Fish feedsBrazil543.8nanananananana0Gonçalves-Nunes et al. [37]
Sea bass feedsPortugal87ndnanananananana0Almeida et al. [10]
Rainbow troutIran 67.35nanananananananmAlinezhad et al. [43]
Fish feedsKenya8139.7nanananananana13.5Mwihia et al. [65]
Maximum level of mycotoxin content in positive samples; median of positive samples excluding results of estimated concentrations; mean level of mycotoxin content in positive samples; +percentage of samples that are above the permissible limit (PL) of AFs, FBs, and DON in feeds recommended by FDA [66] and EU [67]; nd, not detected; na, not analyzed in the study; nm, not mentioned in the study.