Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Thermophilic Campylobacter Species in Humans and Animals in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in domestic animals and animal products.

Animal type	Sample type	Country	Overall prevalence	C. jejuni (%)	C. coli (%)	References
Cattle	Faeces	South Africa	19.3	72.4	27.6	[18]
		Nigeria	18.5	80	20	[65]
			12.9	65.1	23	[66]
		Tanzania	2.3	100	0	[52]
			5.6	83.3	16.7	[67]
			32.5	65.5	27.3	[64]
		Ghana	13.2	25	43.8	[68]
		Ethiopia	12.7	53.8	38.5	[69]
			48	75.3	17.6	[70]
		Mozambique	11	80	20	[71]
Average			17.6	70	23.5
Cattle	Meat	Tanzania	2.8	100	0	[67]
		Ethiopia	6.2	85.7	14.3	[72]
		Kenya	2	100	0	[73]
Average			5.5	95.2	4.8
Cattle	Carcasses	Tanzania	3.7	75	25	[67]
			9.5	62.5	29.2	[74]
		Ghana	34.5	84.2	13.1	[68]
Average			15.9	73.9	22.4
Sheep	Faeces	Tanzania	31.6	55.6	44.4	[75]
		Ethiopia	38	59.3	40.7	[69]
			39	84.6	15.4	[70]
		Ghana	18.6	27.2	40.9	[68]
Average			31.8	56.7	35.4
Sheep	Carcasses	Ethiopia	10.6	73.9	26.1	[76]
		Ghana	35.9	92.8	0	[68]
Average			23.3	83.4	13.1
Sheep	Meat	Ethiopia	10.5	83.3	0	[72]
Pig	Faeces	Nigeria	92.7	14	78.7	[60]
		Ethiopia	50	0	100	[69]
		Tanzania	66.7	81.8	18.2	[77]
			32.5	2.7	91.9	[64]
		Ghana	28.7	48.2	48.2	[68]
		South Africa	2.3	16.7	83.3	[78]
Average			45.5	27.2	70.1
Pig	Carcasses	Ghana	36.3	28.4	10.8	[68]
Pig	Pork	Ethiopia	8.5	25	50	[72]
Chicken	Faeces	Burkina Faso	68	70	30	[79]
		Tanzania	69.8	91.2	8.8	[53]
			42.5	87.1	12.9	[38]
			77.8	91.1	7.3	[54]
		South Africa	35.3	84.9	15.1	[18]
			49.7	100	0	[80]
			54.8	54.8	40.2	[81]
		Ethiopia	72.7	92.5	7.5	[59]
			68.1	80.8	16.2	[69]
			86.6	86.9	11.9	[70]
		Ivory Coast	63.8	51.3	48.7	[82]
Average			62.6	81	18.1
Chicken	Colon	South Africa	14.2	68.8	31.2	[78]
Chicken	Carcasses	Burkina Faso	50	100	0	[79]
Chicken	Meat	Ethiopia	21.7	84	8	[72]
		Kenya	77	59	39	[73]
Average			49.4	71.5	23.5
Goat	Faeces	DRC	41.7	32.7	59.4	[83]
		Ghana	18.5	36	56	[68]
		Ethiopia	33.3	100	0	[70]
Average			31.2	56.2	38.5
Goat	Carcasses	Ethiopia	9.4	70.6	29.4	[76]
		Ghana	23.9	81.3	0	[68]
Average			16.7	76	14.7
Goat	Meat	DRC	37.3	21.3	74.7	[83]
		Ethiopia	7.6	71.4	28.6	[72]
Average			22.5	46.4	51.7
Cattle	Milk	Tanzania	13.4	55.3	31.6	[74]