Abstract
Ultrasonic studies provide a wealth of information in understanding the molecular behavior and intermolecular interaction of polymer solvent mixtures. Attempts were made to measure ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity for the mixture of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in acetone and dimethylformamide (DMF) of various stoichiometric ratios at 300 K using crystal controlled ultrasonic interferometer (Mittal make), pyknometer (specific gravity bottle), and Ostwald viscometer, respectively. The acoustic parameters adiabatic compressibility (), intermolecular free path length (), acoustic impedance (), relative association (RA), ultrasonic attenuation (), and relaxation time () have been estimated using experimental data with well-known techniques. The variation of these acoustic parameters is explained in terms of solute-solvent molecular interaction in a polymer solution.
1. Introduction
Ultrasonic studies in polymeric solutions have drawn the attention of many researchers in the recent years [1–4]. The extensive use of polymeric materials in technology has necessitated investigations of the molecular interactions of polymers and solvents [5–9]. The ultrasonic technique is a powerful and effective tool for investigation of polymer solutions and behavior of polymer chain in an ultrasonic field.
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a semicrystalline polymer that has a simple chemical structure . It is the first ferroelectric polymer and unique among many inorganic and organic ferroelectric substances [10, 11]. The PVDF exists in four crystalline forms, namely, , , , and , depending upon preparation conditions. It has attracted researchers due to its piezo-, pyro-, and ferroelectric characteristics [12]. These properties are useful for device application such as ultrasound transducers, nonvolatile memory, sensors, actuators, sonar instruments, and solar cells. The scarcity of knowledge regarding the ultrasonic studies of solutions of PVDF in the literature has promoted us to understand the effect of concentration and nature of solvents on the molecular interactions in the polymer solution. The physical properties of this ferroelectric polymer can be understood better by the study of molecular interaction.
In our experimental investigation, we used the ultrasonic technique to find the acoustic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (), intermolecular free path length (), acoustic impedance (), relative association (RA), ultrasonic attenuation, and relaxation time to correlate with the physical properties.
2. Materials and Methods
AR grade (99.8% pure) ferroelectric polymer PVDF in powder form is procured from Sigma Aldrich, Bangalore, India. Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction pattern of the procured PVDF. The diffraction peak observed at 2θ = 18.09°, 19.58° confirms the -phase of the powder sample. This PVDF powder is mixed with different concentrations of acetone (AR grade 99.5%) and DMF (AR grade 99.5%), both the solvents procured from High-Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India. The solution was magnetically stirred for 2 hours, so that the powder dissolves completely. The acoustic properties are studied in this prepared solution.
2.1. Experimental Technique
Ultrasonic interferometer, specific gravity bottle, and Ostwald viscometer are used to measure ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity, respectively.
Ultrasonic velocity was measured using a single-crystal interferometer (Mittal Enterprises, New Delhi) operating at 1 MHz with an accuracy of ±1.0 m/s. The experimental procedures are standard and described elsewhere [13]. Densities of the solutions were measured using a 25 mL specific gravity bottle and the weight of the liquid was measured using an electronic balance (Model Shimadzu AX200). The measurement was repeated thrice for the same solution to obtain better accuracy. Accuracy in the measurement of densities of the solutions is ±0.1 kg/m3. The viscosity was measured with Ostwald’s viscometer and the flow time with a digital stopwatch. The measurements were repeated thrice to confirm the accuracy of results. The time flow is measured using digital stopwatch capable of registering time accurate to ±0.1 s.
The acoustic parameters were computed as follows.
The ultrasonic velocity is calculated aswhere “” is the frequency of the ultrasonic waves and “” is the measured wavelength value of ultrasonic waves in a given solution.
The viscosity of the solution is calculated using where and are density and time flow of liquid, whereas and are density and time flow of water. The density of the solution is taken as mass per unit volume.
The following equations are used to compute the acoustic parameters: adiabatic compressibility (), intermolecular free path length (), acoustic impedance (), relative association (RA), ultrasonic attenuation (), and relaxation time ().
2.2. Theoretical Calculations
(1)Adiabatic compressibility () has been calculated from the ultrasonic velocity “” and the density “” of the solution using the Newton-Laplace equation [14]:(2)Intermolecular free path length () has been determined as follows [15]: where is the temperature dependent Jacobson’s constant ( at 300 K) and is the adiabatic compressibility.(3)Acoustic impedance () is given as follows: where and are the density and velocity of the solution, respectively.(4)Relative association (RA) is as follows: where and are the density and velocity of the solvent.(5)Ultrasonic attenuation () and relaxation time () were calculated using the following [16]: where is the viscosity of the solution.
3. Results and Discussion
The experimentally obtained values of density, viscosity, and ultrasonic velocity of PVDF with different concentrations of acetone and DMF are reported in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Due to specific molecular interactions such as association, expansion, and unfolding the variation of and with is considerably more than that of . Molecular interactions depend on the strength of the repulsive forces acting among solvent and solute molecules and hence intermolecular motion is affected accordingly. Attractive forces result into molecular association (solvation), that is, modification of the PVDF molecule. Molecular association leads to change in apparent molecular volume as well as mass and hence density changes accordingly. Under a set of experimental conditions the values of , , and are affected by molecular interaction. Vander Waals, H-bonding, dipolar, and London types forces between solvent and solute molecules result in the aggregation of solvent molecules around solute molecules. It shows that the density, viscosity, and ultrasonic velocity of the solution increase with increase in concentration. This linear increase of , , and with concentration confirms an increase of cohesive forces because of strong molecular interactions [17]. The values of density, viscosity, and ultrasonic velocity of the solution increased by ~1%, ~7.1% , and 0.5% and 0.7%, 69%, and 2%, respectively, for the 50% concentration of PVDF in acetone and DMF. The least square equations along with regression coefficients are reported in Table 3. A fairly good to excellent correlation between given parameters and concentration was observed in acetone and DMF solvents. The observed correlation between , , and with concentration is = 0.929–0.992, 0.949–0.961, and 0.90–0.987, respectively. The obtained values of support linear dependence of , , and with concentration.
In order to understand the effect of concentration and nature of solvent on PVDF polymeric solution, the acoustic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (), intermolecular free pathlength (), acoustic impedance (), relative association (RA), ultrasonic attenuation (), and relaxation time () were determined using standard equations and are correlated with concentration as shown in Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The least square and regression coefficients of these acoustic parameters are shown in Table 3.
Ultrasonic speed in the solutions depends on intermolecular free path length. When ultrasonic waves are present in the solution, the molecules get perturbed. Due to some elasticity of the medium, perturbed molecules regain their equilibrium positions. When a solute is added to a solvent, its molecules attract certain solvent molecules towards them. The phenomenon is known as compression and also as limiting compressibility. The aggregation of solvent molecules around solute molecules supports powerful solvent-solute interactions. Because of solvent-solute interactions, the structure of the solute is modified to the considerable extent. The adiabatic compressibility and intermolecular free path length decrease from those of pure solution by ~2% and 1% and 5% and 2.5%, respectively, in acetone and DMF. Decrease of with concentration supports solvent-solute interactions. However, acoustic impedance, relative association, ultrasonic attenuation, and relaxation time increase by 1.2%, 0.7%, 4.5%, and 5.05% and 3%, 0.027%, 57%, and 61% with respect to those in pure solution of acetone and DMF, respectively. This indicates a strong intermolecular interaction between solute and solvent molecules in the system at higher concentration of PVDF and suggests more association between solute and solvent molecules in the system.
The variation of ultrasonic velocity in a solution depends on the intermolecular free length on mixing. On the basis of a model for sound propagation proposed by Kincaid and Eyring [18] ultrasonic velocity increases with decrease of free path length and vice versa.
The property which can be studied to understand the interaction is relative association (RA). It can be explained by two factors [19]: the breaking up of solvent molecules on addition of solute to it and solvation of the solute molecule. The former leads to decrease and the latter to the increase of relative association. In our study the values of RA increase with increase in the solute concentration due to solvation of the solute molecule.
4. Conclusion
The ultrasonic technique is a powerful and effective tool for the investigation of polymer solutions and behavior of polymer chain in an ultrasonic field. The present study describes the acoustic properties that confirm the molecular interaction of PVDF polymer powder with a acetone and DMF. The acoustic parameters like adiabatic compressibility (), intermolecular free path length (), acoustic impedance (), relative association (RA), ultrasonic attenuation (), and relaxation time () have been estimated using experimental data. The variations in the acoustic parameters suggest that there are strong polymer-solvent interactions at higher concentration.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgments
The authors express their deep sense of gratitude to Vision Group of Science and Technology for providing the financial support to carry out this research work. The authors are also thankful to Dr. M. Revanasiddappa, PESIT, South Campus, Bangalore, for his valuable suggestions.