The Relation between Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome and Altered Renal Haemodynamic and Excretory Function in the Rat

Table 1

The effect of different routes of fructose administration in different species over different time periods.

Method of administration	Species	Amount*	Length of study	Effect	Reference
Drinking	Mouse	10%	3 weeks	-Hypertension, hyperinsulinemia	[13]
	Rat	10%	8 weeks	-Hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia	[11]
			5 weeks	-Hypertension, insulin resistance	[14]
			6–19 days	-Hypertriglyceridemia	[15]
		20%	8 weeks; 30 days	-Hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia	[16]
				-Impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia	[17]
		60%	2 weeks	Hyperglycemia	[18]
	Hamster	10%, 20%	2, 4 and 6 months	Hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia	[19]
	guinea pigs	10%	6–19 days	Hypertriglyceridemia	[15]
		10%	18 weeks	Hyperglycemia	[20]
Food	Mouse	60%	8 weeks	-Hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia	[21]
	Rat	60%	8 weeks	-Hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia	[11]
			6 weeks	-Hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia	[22]
		66%	4 weeks	-Hyperinsulinemia	[23]
			2 weeks	-Hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia	[24]
			4 weeks	-Hyperglycemia	[18]
	Hamster	60%	2 weeks	-Hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia	[25]
	Dog	60%	20–28 days	-Hypertension, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia	[26]
	Human	15%	5 weeks	-Hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia	[27]
		20%	5 weeks	-Hypertriglyceridemia	[28]

*Percentageis (weight/volume) for drinking form and (weight/weight) for food form.