The Relation between Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome and Altered Renal Haemodynamic and Excretory Function in the Rat

Table 2

The effect of various interventions on fructose-induced hypertension and insulin resistance in rat.

Amount fed	Length of study	Intervention	Length of intervention	Effect	Reference
66% fructose in diet	2 weeks	Exercise training	2 weeks	↓ plasma insulin,; ↑ insulin sensitivity,; ↓ blood pressure	[68]
66% fructose in diet	11 days	Somatostatin	7 days	↓ plasma insulin,; ↓ blood pressure	[69]
66% fructose in diet	6 weeks	Vinadyl sulfate	6 weeks	↑ insulin sensitivity,; ↓ blood pressure	[70]
		Thiazolidinediones:
66% fructose in diet	4 weeks	pioglitazone	4 weeks	↑ insulin sensitivity,; ↓ blood pressure	[71]
		Sympathetic nervous system inhibitors:
66% fructose in diet	11 weeks	chemical sympathectomy rilmenidine	10 weeks	↓ plasma insulin,	[72]
34.5% fructose in diet	4 weeks		2 weeks	↓ blood pressure	[73]
		Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors:
60% fructose in diet	5 weeks	enalapril	2 weeks	↓ plasma insulin,	[74]
	5 weeks	telmisartan (PPARγ agonist effect)	2 weeks	↓ blood pressure	[75]
	4 weeks	losartan	4 weeks		[76]
10% fructose in drinking water	8 weeks		8 weeks		[77]
40% fructose in diet	2 weeks	quinapril	2 weeks	↑ insulin sensitivity,; ↓ blood pressure	[78]
		Calcium channel blockers:
60% fructose in diet	6 weeks	clonidine	2 weeks	↑ insulin sensitivity,	[79]
10% fructose in drinking water	38 weeks	felodipin	6 weeks	↓ blood pressure	[80]
		Superoxide dismutase mimetics:
60% fructose in diet	4 weeks	tempol	4 weeks	↓ blood pressure	[81]
		NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors:
60% fructose in diet	8 weeks	apocynin	8 weeks	↓ blood pressure	[82]
		α-Adrenergic agonist:
66% fructose in diet	17 days	clonidine	14 days	↓ blood pressure	[24]
		Endothelin receptors antagonists:
60% fructose in diet	8 weeks	enrasentan	4 weeks	↓ blood pressure	[83]
		Antioxidants:
56.8% fructose in diet	6 weeks	vitamin E	6 weeks	↑ insulin sensitivity,	[84]
60% fructose in diet	12 weeks	N-acetylcysteine	12 weeks	↓ blood pressure	[85]
		Xanthine oxidase inhibitors:
60% fructose in diet	8 weeks	febuxostat	4 weeks	↓ plasma insulin,; ↑ insulin sensitivity,; ↓ blood pressure	[67]
	10 weeks	allopurinol	6 weeks		[62]
		Thromboxane synthase inhibitors:
60% fructose in diet	7 weeks	dazmegrel	7 weeks	↓ blood pressure	[86]
		Lipid-lowering agents:
66% fructose in diet	6 weeks	rosuvastatin	5 weeks	↓ plasma insulin	[87]
		Sex hormones:
66% fructose in diet	10 weeks	gonadectomy	6 weeks	↓ blood pressure	[88]
60% fructose in diet	9 weeks		9 weeks		[89]
	6-7 weeks	estrogen	6-7 weeks		[90]
		Gene therapy:
10% fructose in drinking water	5 weeks	human tissue kallikrein cDNA	3 weeks	↓ plasma insulin,; ↓ blood pressure	[91]

↑ indicates increase; ↓ indicates decrease.