Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4—Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Management

Table 1

Targets for cardiovascular risk modification in CKD.

Traditional	CKD related
Physical activity	Proteinuria
Smoking	CKD progression
Obesity	Sympathetic nervous system
Blood pressure	Renin-angiotensin system
Glycemia	Left ventricular hypertrophy
Lipids	Mineral bone disorder
	Anaemia
	Inflammation
	Oxidative stress
	Coagulopathy
	Dialysis dose and quality