Emergency Management of Hypertension in Children

Table 2

Causes of hypertension in children.

Renal	Congenital dysplastic kidneys
	Multicystic kidney disease
	Polycystic kidney disease
	Hydronephrosis
	Renal artery stenosis
	Renal vein thrombosis
	Glomerulonephritis
	Acute tubular necrosis; Hemolytic-Uremic syndrome
	Obstructive uropathy
	Wilms tumor
	Diabetic nephropathy
	Pyelonephritis
Cardiovascular	Coarctation of aorta
	Takayasu's arteritis
	Moyamoya disease
Endocrine	Cushing's syndrome
	Hyperthyroidism
	Hyperparathyroidism
	Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
	Pheochromocytoma
Medications, drugs, and; toxins/poisons	Corticosteroids
	Tacrolimus
	Cyclosporine
	Erythropoietin
	Amphetamines
	Oral contraceptives
	Anabolic steroids
	Phencyclidine
	Vitamin D intoxication
	Cocaine
	Alcohol
	Smoking
	Lead, thallium, mercury toxicity
Central nervous system	Brain tumors
	Intracranial hemorrhage
	Raised ICP
	Autonomic dysfunction
	Neuroblastoma
	Encephalitis
Autoimmune	Systemic lupus erythematosus
	Polyarteritis nodosa
	Rheumatoid arthritis
	Goodpasture's disease
	Wegener's Disease
	Mixed connective tissue disorders
Miscellaneous	Obesity
	Pregnancy
	IUGR
	Umbilical artery catheterization
	Hypercalcemia
	Hypervolemia
	Pain
	Drug withdrawal (opiates, clonidine, beta-blocker)
Genetic	Gordon syndrome
	Liddle's syndrome
	Turner's syndrome
	William's Syndrome
	Friedreich's ataxia
	Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
	Tuberous sclerosis complex
	Neurofibromatosis
	Multiple endocrine neoplasia