Review Article

Chronic Kidney Disease in Disadvantaged Populations

Table 2

Cardiovascular disease risk factors associated with CKD progression.

Modifiable

High blood pressure
Dyslipidemia (e.g., elevated LDL, decreased HDL)
Diabetes mellitus
Smoking
Overweight and obesity
Atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease
Congestive heart failure

Unmodifiable

Age ( years)
Family history of premature CVD
Male gender
Menopause
US racial ethnic minority status (African Americans, American Indians, and Asian Americans)

Data from [7].