Classification of Five Uremic Solutes according to Their Effects on Renal Tubular Cells

Figure 7

Effects of uremic solutes on gene expression. Porcine renal tubular cells were treated with each uremic solute for 5 and 24 hours. Total RNA was extracted and subjected to real-time PCR. Gene expression level relative to GAPDH expression was calculated by method. Data are expressed as relative values to the corresponding control. Cont, control; IS, indoxyl sulfate; PCS, p-cresyl sulfate; PhS, phenyl sulfate; HA, hippuric acid; IAA, indoleacetic acid. Data are shown as mean ± S.D. (). Asterisks indicate more than 1.5-fold increase or decrease with statistical significance compared to corresponding control ().