|
Medication | Therapeutic use | Classic toxicity | Treatment | Efficacy of hemodialysis (HD) |
|
Carbamazepine | Epilepsy Trigeminal neuralgia Bipolar disorder | Altered mental status Seizures Hemodynamic instability Arrhythmias | Supportive | May reduce carbamazepine level by about 50% [21–23] |
|
Phenobarbital | Epilepsy | Altered mental status | Supportive | May reduce phenobarbital level by up to 59% after 4 h HD [24–26] |
|
Phenytoin | Epilepsy Cardiac arrhythmias | Horizontal nystagmus Ataxia Altered mental status Arrhythmias Hypersensitivity reactions | Supportive | Should be considered in patients with severe poisoning not responding to supportive care [27] |
|
Baclofen | Spasticity | Muscle hypotonia Altered mental status Hemodynamic instability | Supportive | Conventional HD can decrease the concentration by up to 79% [28–30] |
|
Eptifibatide | Antiplatelet agent Acute coronary syndrome | Bleeding | Supportive Platelet transfusion | Limited to patients with renal failure experiencing ongoing severe bleeding not responding to supportive care [31] |
|
Diltiazem Atenolol | Hypertension Cardiac arrhythmias | Bradycardia Hemodynamic instability | Supportive | HD may be considered in unstable patient with renal failure not responding to supportive care [32, 33] |
|
Lisinopril | Hypertension Heart failure Renal disease | Acute kidney injury Hyperkalemia Hemodynamic instability Angioedema | Supportive | HD may be considered in unstable patient with renal failure not responding to supportive care [34] |
|
Theophylline | Obstructive pulmonary disease | Arrhythmias Altered mental status Seizures | Supportive | HD may be considered in unstable patient with renal failure not responding to supportive care [35, 36] |
|
Cefepime | Antibiotic | Neurotoxicity Altered mental status | Supportive | HD may be considered in unstable patient with renal failure not responding to supportive care [37] |
|
Metronidazole | Antibiotic | Altered mental status Seizures Neuropathy Gastrointestinal symptoms | Supportive | HD should be considered in patient with metronidazole overdose and renal failure [38] |
|
Dapsone | Antibiotic | Hypersensitivity reactions Methemoglobinemia | Supportive Methylene blue | HD should be considered in patients not responding to conventional therapy [39] |
|
Isoniazid | Antibiotic | Neurotoxicity Seizures Liver toxicity | Supportive Pyridoxine | HD should be considered in patients not responding to conventional therapy [40] |
|
Acetaminophen | Analgesic | Liver failure | Supportive N-Acetylcysteine Liver transplant | HD may be considered in unstable patients with metabolic acidosis [41] |
|