Research Article
Clinical Utility of Urinary β2-Microglobulin in Detection of Early Nephropathy in African Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Table 1
Comparison of sociodemographic/clinical characteristics of subjects and controls.
| (a) |
| | | Subjects () | Controls () | |
| | Age (years, mean ± SD) | 54.8 ± 10.1 | 53.2 ± 12.0 | 0.30 | | Female gender, (%) | 64 (62.8) | 59 (58.1) | 0.43† | | Married individuals, (%) | 90 (90.9) | 83 (93.3) | 0.69† | | Educational status, (%) | | | | | No formal education | 8 (8.2) | 18 (20.2) | 0.02† | | Primary | 19 (19.4) | 22 (24.7) | | Secondary | 11 (11.2) | 3 (3.4) | | Tertiary | 60 (61.2) | 46 (51.7) |
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Student’s -test. †Chi-square test.
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| (b) |
| | | Subjects () | Controls () | |
| | Family history of diabetes mellitus | 43 (42.2%) | 11 (10.7%) | <0.001 | | Family history of hypertension | 27 (26.5%) | 26 (25.2%) | 0.94 | | Family history of kidney disease | 8 (7.8%) | 3 (2.9%) | <0.001 | | History of frothy urine | 46 (45.1%) | 5 (4.9%) | <0.001 | | History of hematuria | 7 (6.9%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0.03† | | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 4.5 | 26.2 ± 6.1 | 0.34Δ | | Waist circumference (cm) | 95.8 ± 12.6 | 89.0 ± 15.3 | 0.007Δ | | Hip circumference (cm) | 99.6 ± 13.6 | 96.2 ± 14.6 | 0.09 | | Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | 0.17 | | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134.2 ± 22.4 | 139.3 ± 22.1 | 0.10 | | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82.3 ± 11.5 | 80.4 ± 13.7 | 0.29 | | mABP (mmHg) | 100.5 (93.3–108.3) | 97.3 (86.3–109.3) | 0.15 |
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Fisher’s exact test. Wilcoxon rank sum test. ΔStudent’s -test. Median (IQR). Mean (SD). mABP: mean arterial blood pressure.
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