Review Article
Phosphate and Cardiovascular Disease beyond Chronic Kidney Disease and Vascular Calcification
Table 1
Thresholds of serum phosphate for cardiovascular events and mortality in early-stage CKD and general populations.
| | Studies (year) | Populations | Number | Serum phosphate (mg/dL) | Outcomes |
| | Kestenbaum et al. (2005) | Women: Cr ≥ 1.2 mg/dL
Men: Cr ≥ 1.5 mg/dL | 3490 | >=3.5 | All-cause mortality | | Bellasi et al. (2011) | CKD stages 3–5 | 1716 | >=4.3 | Combined ESRD and all-cause mortality | | Chartsrisak et al. (2013) | CKD stages 2–4 | 466 | >4.2 | Combined ESRD and all-cause mortality | | McGovern et al. (2013) | CKD stages 3–5 | 13292 | >=4.6 | Combined CV events and all-cause mortality | | McGovern et al. (2013) | CKD stages 1-2 | 20356 | >=3.86 | Combined CV events and all-cause mortality | | McGovern et al. (2013) | eGFR >= 90, no proteinuria | 24184 | >=3.86 | Combined CV events and all-cause mortality | | Tonelli et al. (2005) | Previous acute MI, eGFR >= 60 mL/min | 4127 | >=2.5 | All-cause mortality | | >=2.5 | Combined fatal and non-fatal CV events | | Dhingra et al. (2007) | eGFR >= 60 mL/min | 3676 | >=3.2 | Incident CVD | | Foley et al. (2008) | 97% has eGFR >= 60 mL/min | 13822 | >=3.8 | All-cause mortality | | Larsson et al. (2010) | Men, eGFR >= 60 mL/min | 2176 | >=2.8 | All-cause mortality | | Chang and Grams (2014) | 95% has eGFR >= 60 mL/min | 12984 | >3.5 | All-cause mortality | | >3.5 | CV mortality |
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CKD = chronic kidney disease; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; CV = cardiovascular; CVD = cardiovascular disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; MI = myocardial infarction.
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