Microalbuminuria and Retinopathy among Hypertensive Nondiabetic Patients at a Large Public Outpatient Clinic in Southwestern Uganda

Table 2

Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with retinopathy at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda ( patients).

Explanatory variables (characteristics)	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	OR	95% CI	value	OR	95% CI	value
Sex
Male	1.0
Female	0.79	0.49–1.26	0.323
Age
Age < 65 years	1.0			1.0
Age > 65 years	2.52	1.63–3.94	0.0001	3.75	2.07–5.39	0.0001
Smoking history
Current smoker
Nonsmoker	1.34	0.74–2.45	0.336
Exercising
Regular exercise
Irregular/no exercise	0.95	0.55–1.62	0.837
Duration of hypertension diagnosis
≤5 years
>5 years	4.49	2.68–7.49	0.0001	3.73	2.12–6.57	0.0001
SBP
≥140 mmHg
<140 mmHg	2.78	1.69–4.55	0.0001	3.53	1.99–6.24	0.0001
DBP
≥90 mmHg
<90 mmHg	1.11	0.69–1.79	0.65
BMI
≥25 Kg/m^2	1.0
<25 Kg/m^2	0.76	0.48–1.19	0.230	0.92	0.54–1.56	0.75
ACEI
Taking ACEIs
Not taking ACEIs	1.15	0.70–1.89	0.58
-blocker
Not Taking -blockers	1.0
Taking -blockers	1.88	1.17–3.02	0.009	3.05	1.68–5.53	0.0001
Calcium blocker
Use calcium blockers
No calcium blockers	1.65	1.02–2.68	0.042	2.16	1.19–3.90	0.011
Diuretic
Use diuretics
No diuretics	2.91	1.82–4.66	0.0001	2.91	1.68–5.04	0.0001
Microalbuminuria (ACR 30–300 mg/g)	1.23	0.78–1.96	0.369	1.39	0.81–2.40	0.225
Proteinuria; (ACR > 300 mg/g)	1.32	0.82–2.12	0.246

Note. Variables with a value less than 0.25 were then included in the multivariate model.