Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Update on the Use of Crystalloids and Pharmacological Measures

Figure 1

CIN risk factors and preventive measures. Risk: multiple comorbidities may increase the vulnerability of the kidney. It has widely been accepted that subjects with an eGFR of <30 ml/min are at very high risk for acquiring CIN (red and italic). Prevention: the concept of iv hydration is the basis of all preventive interventions (green and italic). Measures without proven benefit or with uncertain risk-benefit ratio are put in grey.