Research Article

The Impact of CKD Anaemia on Patients: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes—A Systematic Literature Review

Table 2

Characteristics of the included studies reporting the incidence or prevalence of anaemia and/or associations between anaemia and risk of mortality, hospitalisation, major adverse cardiac events, or CKD progression.

AuthorYearCountryNNDD (%)DD (%)T2DM (%)ESA use (%)Incidence or prevalence of anaemia?Association between anaemia and:
MortalityHospitalisationMACECKD progression

Abramson et al. [10]2003USA13,716100.00.010.6NRNRNNYN
Ahmed et al. [11]2010USA79,985100.00.0100.01.20PrevalenceNNNN
Ahn et al. [12]2013Korea984100.00.024.0NRPrevalenceNNNN
Akizawa et al. [13]2008Japan5,788100.00.028.6NRPrevalenceYNNN
Akizawa et al. [14]2014Japan66310.0100.0NR100.0NRYNNN
Akizawa et al. [15]2016JapanNR100.00.044.5100.0NRYNYN
Anees et al. [16]2009Pakistan1850.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Anees et al. [17]2010Pakistan500.0100.0NR46.0NRYNNN
Antunes et al. [18]2016Brazil2110.0100.029.0NRNRNYNN
Anutrakulchai et al. [19]2016Thailand1,28,33883.116.943.0NRNRYYNN
Arun et al. [20]2012India100NRNRNRNRPrevalenceNNNN
Astor et al. [21]2006USA15,792100.00.011.60.0PrevalenceYNYN
Astor et al. [22]2002USA15,419100.00.05.0NRPrevalenceNNNN
Avram et al. [23]2003USA5290.0100.047.0NRNRYNNN
Babua et al. [24]2015Uganda217100.00.016.2NRPrevalenceNNNY
Bae et al. [25]2015Korea2,4700.0100.044.5NRNRYNNN
Barrett Bowling et al. [26]2011USA30,528100.00.07.74NRPrevalenceNNNN
Beck et al. [27]2015Germany5,015100.00.035.2NRNRNNYN
Bello et al. [28]2015USA4,854100.00.0100.00.5NRNNYN
Bentata et al. [29]2013Morocco72100.00.0100.0NRNRNNNY
Bhatti et al. [30]2010USA1358100.00.051.8NRNRYYNN
Boudville et al. [31]2009Multi continent6,165100.00.036.249.0NRYNNN
Bradbury et al. [32]2009USA6,1330.0100.0NR100.0NRYNNN
Bravo-Jaimes et al. [33]2015Peru1030.0100.0NRNRNRNNYN
Brunelli et al. [34]2008USA34,9630.0100.045.0NRNRYNNN
Brunelli et al. [35]2008USA6,6440.0100.024.8NRNRYNNN
Buccianti et al. [36]2004Italy770.0100.016.9NRNRYNNN
Cana-Ruiu et al. [37]2013Romania165100.00.030.3NRNRNYNN
Capelli et al. [38]2008USA6870.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Chan et al. [39]2009USA1,00,8350.0100.0NRNRNRNYNN
Chan et al. [40]2017USA87,3020.0100.029.0NRNRNYNN
Chang et al. [41]2016Taiwan1,530100.00.038.5NRNRNNNY
Chen et al. [42]2013China6,325NRNR100.0NRPrevalenceNNNN
Chen et al. [43]2013Taiwan439NRNR57.4NRNRNNYN
Chen et al. [44]2012Taiwan485100.00.056.3NRNRYNNN
Chen et al. [45]2016China3560.0100.014.6100.0NRYNNN
Chen et al. [46]2012China822100.00.020.2NRNRNNNY
Chonchol et al. [47]2008Italy7,389100.00.0NRNRPrevalenceNNNN
Christensen et al. [48]2002USA174100.00.0NRNRNRYNNN
Conway et al. [49]2008USA174100.00.0100.0NRNRYNYY
De Nicola et al. [50]2011Italy1,248100.00.028.012.4PrevalenceYNNY
De Nicola et al. [51]2012Italy1,248100.00.027.712.4NRYNNY
De Nicola et al. [52]2010Italy668100.00.022.6NRNRYNNY
De Nicola et al. [53]2017Italy2,340100.00.030.6NRNRYNNY
Desai et al. [54]2011USA995100.00.0100.0NRNRNNNY
Djukanović et al. [55]2015Serbia2,1530.0100.0NR65.1NRYNNN
Dmitrieva et al. [56]2013UK51,372100.00.0NRNRPrevalenceNNNN
Drawz et al. [57]2012USA13,874100.00.038.81.8PrevalenceNNNN
Du Cheyron et al. [58]2005France2060.0100.045.0NRNRYNNN
Faller et al. [59]2013France155100.00.0NRNRNRYNNY
Fathelrahman et al. [60]2012Sudan5000.0100.0NRNRNRYYNN
Feldman et al. [61]2004USA27,2800.0100.044.793.3NRYNNN
Feldman et al. [62]2002USA10,1690.0100.040.987.4NRYYNN
Ferrari et al. [63]2009Australia8,752100.00.0NRNRPrevalenceNNNN
Fort et al. [64]2010Spain2,3100.0100.0NR78.7NRYYYN
Frankenfield et al. [65]2003USA7,7230.0100.040.5NRNRYNNN
Fraser et al. [66]2014UK1,707100.00.087.6NRNRYNNN
Fukuma et al. [67]2012Japan95,4600.0100.032.5100.0NRYNNN
Garlo et al. [68]2015USA1,141100.00.062.8NRNRNYNN
Go et al. [69]2018USA36,195100.00.036.00.7NRNNNY
Goicoechea et al. [70]2004Spain176100.00.033.0NRNRNNYN
Guan et al. [71]2015China1020.0100.0100.0NRNRYNNN
Han et al. [72]2016Korea17,373100.00.09.4NRPrevalenceNNNN
Hanafusa et al. [73]2014Japan3,3410.0100.039.4NRNRYNNN
Hasegawa et al. [74]2018Japan2,034100.00.038.6NRNRNNNY
Hayashi et al. [75]2013Japan4040.0100.041.858.7NRYNNN
He et al. [76]2017USA3,557100.00.046.3NRPrevalenceNNYN
Herzog et al. [77]2004USA1,136,201100.00.016.5NRNRYNNN
Hosseini et al. [78]2014Iran305100.00.0100.0NRPrevalenceNNNN
Hung et al. [79]2015Taiwan326100.00.045.4NRNRNNYY
Iimori et al. [80]2015Japan951100.00.037.611.8NRYNNY
Imamović et al. [81]2014Bosnia-Serbia-Slovenia4420.0100.032.0NRNRYNNN
Inker et al. [82]2011USA30,528100.00.06.50NRPrevalenceNNNN
Inrig et al. [83]2012USA1,432100.00.031.2100.0NRNNYY
Isakov et al. [84]2014Israel18,474NRNRNRNRPrevalenceNNNY
Ishigami et al. [85]2013Japan3490.0100.037.5NRNRYNNN
Ishigami et al. [86]2018USA5,801100.00.015.5NRPrevalenceNNYN
Ito et al. [87]2007Japan1270.0100.016.0NRNRNNYN
Johnson et al. [88]2007USA6,541100.00.031.3NRNRYNNN
Johnson et al. [89]2008USA7,982100.00.028.0NRNRNNNY
Joshi et al. [90]2014China8050.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Joss et al. [91]2007UK508NRNRNRNRPrevalenceYNNN
Jung et al. [92]2015KoreaNR0.0100.037.3NRNRYNNN
Kataoka et al. [93]2015Japan720.0100.055.6NRNRNNYN
Keane et al. [94]2003Multi continent1,513100.00.0100.0NRNRNNNY
Keane et al. [95]2006Multi continent1,513100.00.0100.0NRNRNNNY
Keough-Ryan et al. [96]2005Canada5,549100.00.026.2NRNRYNNN
Khan et al. [97]2017Malaysia621100.00.040.1NRNRNNNY
Kovesdy et al. [98]2006USA861100.00.053.1NRNRYNNN
Kovesdy et al. [99]2006USA853100.00.052.8NRNRYNNY
Kovesdy et al. [100]2006USA860100.00.052.8NRNRYNNN
Kuo et al. [101]2018Taiwan1,558100.00.0100.0NRNRYNNY
Kuo et al. [102]2018Taiwan42,2300.0100.045.4NRNRYNNN
Kuwahara et al. [103]2015Japan297100.00.0NR100.0NRYNNN
Kwon et al. [104]2015Korea1,2760.0100.052.471.8NRYNNN
Lacson et al. [105]2009USA78,4200.0100.051.9NRNRYYNN
Lattanzio et al. [106]2015Italy487NRNR25.5NRNRYNNN
Lau et al. [107]2015Singapore457100.00.064.60.0IncidenceNNNN
Levin et al. [108]2008Canada4,231100.00.033.0NRNRYNNY
Levin et al. [109]2006Canada3,028100.00.028.0NRPrevalenceYNNN
Li Vecchi et al. [110]2007Italy2810.00.064.4NRPrevalenceNNNN
Lin et al. [111]2004Taiwan1050.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Lin et al. [112]2006Taiwan4450.0100.044.5NRNRYNNN
Lin et al. [113]2013TaiwanNR0.0NR51.9NRNRNNYN
Liu et al. [114]2016China1,7780.0100.025.3NRNRYNNN
Locatelli et al. [115]2004Europe4,5910.0100.0NRNRNRYYNN
MacDougall et al. [116]2010UK13,4220.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
McClellan et al. [117]2004USA5,222100.00.064.4NRPrevalenceNNNN
McCullough et al. [118]2007USA37,153100.00.026.2NRNRYNYN
McMahon et al. [119]2012Australia3020.0100.0NR88.4NRYNNN
Messa et al. [120]2015Italy5680.0100.028.9NRNRYNNN
Metcalfe et al. [121]2003UK5230.0100.023.7NRNRYNNN
Minutolo et al. [122]2009Italy137100.00.032.9100.0NRYNNN
Minutolo et al. [123]2012Italy194100.00.034.0100.0NRNNNY
Minutolo et al. [124]2014Italy30,326100.00.024.5NRPrevalenceYNNY
Mohanram et al. [125]2004USA1,468100.00.0100.0NRNRNNNY
Mokoli et al. [126]2016Kenya2500.0100.0NR51.6NRYNNN
Molnar et al. [127]2011USA9,2690.0100.046.088.0NRYNNN
Moon et al. [128]2011Korea250100.00.0100.016.0NRNNNY
Nakazato et al. [129]2015Japan3840.0100.027.1NRNRYNNN
Neves et al. [130]2007Portugal95100.00.0NRNRNRNNNY
Nishio et al. [131]2013USA6060.0100.056.3100.0NRYNNN
Nseir et al. [132]2016Israel307100.00.0100.0NRNRYYNN
Ofsthun et al. [133]2003USA44,5500.0100.047.9NRNRYYNN
Ohno et al. [134]2014Japan2,772100.00.00.0NRNRNNNY
Okazaki et al. [135]2014Japan2480.0100.048.8100.0NRYNNN
Ossareh et al. [136]2016Iran5600.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Panagoutsos et al. [137]2006Greece2990.0100.077.9NRNRYNNN
Portolés et al. [138]2007Spain122100.00.0NRNRPrevalenceYYYY
Pulliam et al. [139]2014USA1,6770.0100.042.9NRNRYYNN
Rajaeefard et al. [140]2016Iran2900.0100.032.4NRNRYNNN
Regidor et al. [141]2006USA58,0580.0100.044.793.0NRYNNN
Roberts et al. [142]2006USA93,0870.0100.049.1100.0IncidenceYYNN
Robinson et al. [143]2005USA5,5170.0100.040.491.7NRYNNN
Rossing et al. [144]2004Denmark227NRNR100.0NRNRYNNY
Sabe et al. [145]2016USA4,038NRNR100.0NRNRNNNY
Santos et al. [146]2017Portugal416100.00.050.0NRNRYNNY
Santos et al. [147]2011Brazil1560.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Sato et al. [148]2018Japan62,931NRNR8.8NRNRYNNN
Sato et al. [149]2013Japan213NRNRNRNRNRNNYN
Sawhney et al. [150]2009UK and Canada7,2990.0100.023.4NRNRYNNN
Schroeder et al. [151]2017USA22,460100.00.034.3NRNRNNNY
Selim et al. [152]2007Macedonia2140.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Selim et al. [153]2007Macedonia2360.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Servilla et al. [154]2009USA12,7330.0100.047.297.7NRYYNN
Shema-Didi et al. [155]2010Israel25,800100.00.0NRNRNRNNNY
Shimizu et al. [156]2014Japan1,105NRNRNRNRPrevalenceNNNN
Shiraishi et al. [157]2014Japan521NRNR35.5NRNRYNNN
Singh et al. [158]2006USA1,432100.00.050.0100.0NRYYYY
Skali et al. [159]2011USA4,038100.00.0100.049.8NRNNYN
Song et al. [160]2017China4,1040.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Spigolon et al. [161]2016Brazil4,1070.0100.045.0NRNRYNNN
Stevens et al. [162]2011USA116,321NRNR29.5NRPrevalenceNNNN
Stevens et al. [163]2007UK38,262NRNR21.2NRPrevalenceNNNN
Stevens et al. [164]2010Europe1,198100.00.0100.0NRPrevalenceNNNN
Stosovic et al. [165]2011Serbia2420.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Streja et al. [166]2008USA40,7870.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Sturm et al. [167]2010Austria2350.0100.034.90.0NRYNNN
Szeto et al. [168]2011China332100.00.029.5NRNRYNNY
Teixeira et al. [169]2015Brazil1620.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Thijssen et al. [170]2012USA6,8380.0100.054.2NRNRYNNN
Thorp et al. [171]2009USA5,885100.00.052.30.0NRYYNY
Toida et al. [172]2017Japan1,3750.0100.032.40.0NRYNNN
Tripepi et al. [173]2010Italy2830.0100.015.052.7NRYNYN
Tsubakihara et al. [174]2015Japan321100.00.035.3NRNRYNNN
Tsubakihara et al. [175]2012Japan322100.00.0NRNRNRYNNN
Ueda et al. [176]2003Japan202100.00.0100.0NRNRNNNY
Vaiciuniene et al. [177]2010Lithuania5590.0100.0NRNRNRNYNN
Van Diepen et al. [178]2014Netherlands3940.0100.0100.0NRNRYNNN
Varas et al. [179]2018Spain1,6790.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Vazquez et al. [180]2009Spain2560.0100.028.5NRNRNNYN
Vejakama et al. [181]2013Thailand1,1770.0100.021.2NRNRYNNN
Voormolen et al. [182]2010Netherlands547100.00.023.625.1NRYNNN
Wagner et al. [183]2011Germany215100.00.0100.00.0NRYNNN
Wagner et al. [184]2011UK5,4470.0100.028.6NRNRYNNN
Walker et al. [185]2006USA88,657100.00.019.6NRNRNNYY
Weiner et al. [186]2008USA1,678100.00.015.0NRNRYNYN
Weiner et al. [187]2005USA2,333100.00.017.1NRNRYNYN
Weinhandl et al. [188]2011USA133,2460.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Wu et al. [189]2013Taiwan1,157100.00.00.48NRNRYNNY
Xu et al. [190]2012China3130.0100.039.9NRNRYNNN
Yamamoto et al. [191]2016Japan2,602100.00.027.96.8NRYNNN
Yang et al. [192]2007China7,067NRNR100.0NRNRNNYN
Yang et al. [193]2007USA34,9630.0100.045.0NRNRYNNN
Yang et al. [194]2013China8090.0100.023.4NRNRYNNN
Yeates et al. [195]2007Canada26,3160.0100.0NRNRNRYNNN
Yotsueda et al. [196]2018Japan3,4360.0100.028.9100.0NRNNYN
Zhang et al. [197]2015China4210.0100.028.7NRNRYNNN
Ziginskiene et al. [198]2013Lithuania5590.0100.0NRNRNRYYNN
Zitt et al. [199]2014Austria2350.0100.034.977.9NRYNNN
Zoppini et al. [200]2010Italy1,153100.00.0100.0NRNRYNNN

CKD: chronic kidney disease; DD: dialysis dependent; ESA: erythropoietin-stimulating agent; MACE: major adverse cardiac events; N; no; NDD: nondialysis dependent; NR: not reported; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; Y: yes.