Experimental laboratory investigations of the laser-induced fluorescence spectra of watercress and lawn grass were conducted. The fluorescence spectra were excited by YAG:Nd laser emitting at 532&#x2009;nm. It was established that the influence of stress caused by mechanical damage, overwatering, and soil pollution is manifested in changes of the spectra shapes. The mean values and confidence intervals for the ratio of two fluorescence maxima near 685 and 740&#x2009;nm were estimated. It is presented that the fluorescence ratio could be considered a reliable characteristic of plant stress state.

Yury Fedotov

Olga Bullo

Michael Belov

Viktor Gorodnichev

Experimental Research of Reliability of Plant Stress State Detection by Laser-Induced Fluorescence Method

Four complexes were synthesized in methanol solution using nickel acetate or nickel chloride, manganese acetate, manganese chloride, and biuret as raw materials. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, UV, FTIR, Raman spectra, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. The compositions of the complexes were [Ni(bi)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>](Ac)<sub>2</sub>&#xB7;H<sub>2</sub>O (<b>1</b>), [Ni(bi)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>] (<b>2</b>), [Mn(bi)<sub>2</sub>(Ac)<sub>2</sub>]&#xB7;1.5H<sub>2</sub>O (<b>3</b>), and [Mn(bi)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>] (<b>4</b>) (bi = NH<sub>2</sub>CONHCONH<sub>2</sub>), respectively. In the complexes, every metal ion was coordinated by oxygen atoms or chlorine ions and even both. The nickel and manganese ions were all hexacoordinated. The thermal decomposition processes of the complexes under air included the loss of water molecule, the pyrolysis of ligands, and the decomposition of inorganic salts, and the final residues were nickel oxide and manganese oxide, respectively.

Mei-Ling Wang

Guo-Qing Zhong

Ling Chen

Synthesis, Optical Characterization, and Thermal Decomposition of Complexes Based on Biuret Ligand

Single crystals of L-serine phosphate (LSP) were grown by slow evaporation technique. The optical studies reveal the transparency of the crystal in the entire visible region. Grown crystal was subjected to single crystal XRD diffraction technique. Thermal studies of LSP confirm the thermal stability of the crystal and it is stable up to 210&#xb0;C. The functional groups and optical behaviour of the crystal were identified from FT-IR and UV-Vis analysis. The crystals were also characterized by microhardness and photoconductivity to determine the mechanical strength and the optical conductivity. Laser damage threshold and nonlinear optical activity of the grown crystal were confirmed by Q-switched Nd&#x2009;:&#x2009;YAG laser beam.

K. Rajesh

A. Mani

V. Thayanithi

P. Praveen Kumar

Optical, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of L-Serine Phosphate, a Semiorganic Enhanced NLO Single Crystal

Based on the vectorial Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integral formulae, analytical expressions for a vectorial elliptical Gaussian beam’s nonparaxial propagating in free space are derived and used to investigate target beam’s propagation properties. As a special case of nonparaxial propagation, the target beam’s paraxial propagation has also been examined. The relationship of vectorial elliptical Gaussian beam’s intensity distribution and nonparaxial effect with elliptic coefficient <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M1" height="6.1673pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.51131 6.1673" width="7.51131pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-223" d="M545 106L524 126C493 85 467 65 455 65C438 65 427 113 405 238C448 295 498 362 543 439L533 448L478 435C453 386 423 331 398 295H395C370 404 347 448 282 448C169 448 23 309 23 153C23 54 65 -12 128 -12C203 -12 283 70 339 155H341C360 29 380 -12 411 -12C444 -12 491 11 545 106ZM333 204C265 95 210 54 169 54C137 54 113 96 113 171C113 302 191 405 252 405C301 405 318 306 333 204Z"/></g></svg> and waist width related parameter <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" id="M2" height="12.7178pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 13.2628 12.7178" width="13.2628pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-103" d="M619 670C619 686 593 712 555 712S459 686 410 634S335 504 320 430H250L219 400L222 388H312L258 73C223 -133 201 -166 187 -180C175 -191 158 -199 140 -199C123 -199 88 -188 74 -172C68 -166 63 -164 54 -171C38 -185 23 -201 23 -215C23 -236 60 -261 93 -261C122 -261 161 -247 207 -200C268 -138 300 -71 337 94C365 220 376 277 394 387L501 399L521 430H401C432 623 464 665 501 665C524 665 544 651 567 627C577 617 583 618 592 625C601 631 619 651 619 670Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.721,3.132)"><path id="g50-246" d="M624 292C624 400 569 451 537 451C520 451 497 442 490 436L489 427C521 404 550 351 550 280C550 170 513 51 423 51C383 51 361 87 361 150C361 197 384 301 397 339L391 343L310 328C307 297 301 249 293 212C270 102 223 56 182 56C144 56 114 93 114 172C114 278 161 369 243 430L223 457C99 392 24 290 24 156C24 43 81 -12 141 -12C187 -12 247 32 286 88C295 31 325 -12 380 -12C431 -12 475 16 511 49C581 113 624 195 624 292Z"/></g></svg> has been analyzed. Results show that no matter what value of elliptic coefficient <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M3" height="6.1673pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.51131 6.1673" width="7.51131pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-223"/></g></svg> is, when parameter <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" id="M4" height="12.7178pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 13.2628 12.7178" width="13.2628pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-103"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.721,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-246"/></g></svg> is large, nonparaxial conclusions of elliptical Gaussian beam should be adopted; while parameter <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" id="M5" height="12.7178pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 13.2628 12.7178" width="13.2628pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-103"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.721,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-246"/></g></svg> is small, the paraxial approximation of elliptical Gaussian beam is effective. In addition, the peak intensity value of elliptical Gaussian beam decreases with increasing the propagation distance whether parameter <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" id="M6" height="12.7178pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 13.2628 12.7178" width="13.2628pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-103"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.721,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g50-246"/></g></svg> is large or small, and the larger the elliptic coefficient <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M7" height="6.1673pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.51131 6.1673" width="7.51131pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-223"/></g></svg> is, the faster the peak intensity value decreases. These characteristics of vectorial elliptical Gaussian beam might find applications in modern optics.

Wang Xun

Huang Kelin

Liu Zhirong

Zhao Kangyi

Nonparaxial Propagation of Vectorial Elliptical Gaussian Beams

This paper investigates the aperture-averaged irradiance scintillation index of a Gaussian beam propagating through a horizontal path in weak non-Kolmogorov turbulence. Mathematical expressions are obtained based on the generalized modified atmospheric spectrum, which includes the spectral power law value of non-Kolmogorov turbulence, the finite inner and outer scales of turbulence, and other optical parameters of the Gaussian beam. The numerical results are conducted to analyze the influences of optical parameters on the aperture-averaged irradiance scintillation index for different Gaussian beams. This paper also examines the effects of the irradiance scintillation on the performance of the point-to-point optical wireless communication system with intensity modulation/direct detection scheme.

Chao Gao

Yang Li

Yiming Li

Xiaofeng Li

Irradiance Scintillation Index for a Gaussian Beam Based on the Generalized Modified Atmospheric Spectrum with Aperture Averaged

We present a systematic simulation study on the impact of disorder in thin film silicon solar cells with hybrid light trapping structure. For the periodical structures introducing certain randomness in some parameters, the nanophotonic light trapping effect is demonstrated to be superior to their periodic counterparts. The nanophotonic light trapping effect can be associated with the increased modes induced by the structural disorders. Our study is a systematic proof that certain disorder is conceptually an advantage for nanophotonic light trapping concepts in thin film solar cells. The result is relevant to the large field of research on nanophotonic light trapping which currently investigates and prototypes a number of new concepts including disordered periodic and quasiperiodic textures. The random effect on the shape of the pattern (position, height, and radius) investigated in this paper could be a good approach to estimate the influence of experimental inaccuracies for periodic or quasi-periodic structures.

Yanpeng Shi

Xiaodong Wang

Fuhua Yang

Disorder Improves Light Absorption in Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells with Hybrid Light Trapping Structure

Primary energy based corollaries of point spread function with asymmetric apodization using complex pupil function have been studied in the case of three-zone aperture. Merit function like semicircled energy factor, excluded semicircled energy, and displaced semicircled energy were analyzed with respect to Airy case in terms of phase and amplitude apodization. Analytical results have been presented for the optimum parameters of phase and amplitude asymmetric apodization.

Naresh Kumar Reddy Andra

Udaya Laxmi Sriperumbudur

Karuna Sagar Dasari

Corollaries of Point Spread Function with Asymmetric Apodization

A combinatorial pulsed laser deposition system was developed by integrating a computer controlled scanning sample stage in order to rapidly screen processing conditions relevant to CdTe/CdS thin-film solar cells. Using this system, the thickness of the CdTe absorber layer is varied across a single sample from 1.5&#x2009;<i>&#x3bc;</i>m to 0.75&#x2009;<i>&#x3bc;</i>m. The effects of thickness on CdTe grain morphology, crystal orientation, and cell efficiency were investigated with respect to different postprocessing conditions. It is shown that the thinner CdTe layer of 0.75&#x2009;<i>&#x3bc;</i>m obtained the best power conversion efficiency up to 5.3&#x25;. The results of this work shows the importance that CdTe grain size/morphology relative to CdTe thickness has on device performance and quantitatively exhibits what those values should be to obtain efficient thin-film CdTe/CdS solar cells fabricated with pulsed laser deposition. Further development of this combinatorial approach could enable high-throughput exploration and optimization of CdTe/CdS solar cells.

Ali Kadhim

Paul Harrison

Jake Meeth

Alaa Al-Mebir

Guanggen Zeng

Judy Wu

Development of Combinatorial Pulsed Laser Deposition for Expedited Device Optimization in CdTe/CdS Thin-Film Solar Cells

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<p><em>International Journal of Optics</em> publishes both fundamental and highly applied studies on the nature of light, its properties and behaviours, and its interaction with matter.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Professor Cerullo, leads the Ultrafast Spectroscopy group at the Department of Physics at the Polytechnic University of Milan. His research activity has mainly focused on the physics and applications of ultrashort pulse lasers.</p>


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International Journal of Optics - Table of contents 2016

International Journal of Optics | Hindawi

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International Journal of Optics publishes both fundamental and highly applied studies on the nature of light, its properties and behaviours, and its interaction with matter.

International Journal of Optics