Subclinical Hearing Loss, Longer Sleep Duration, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Japanese General Population
Table 4
Baseline clinical characteristics of subjects and prevalence of longer sleep duration eight years later in the longitudinal study.
Categories by sleep duration
Total
≤5 h
6 h
7 h
values
, (% of total)
6,774
450 (10.5)
3,063 (46.6)
3,261 (31.4)
—
Age (years)
41.6 ± 9.0
40.2 ± 9.5
41.2 ± 9.1
42.1 ± 8.8
<0.0001
Men, (%)
4,639 (68.5)
268 (59.6)
1,959 (64.0)
2,412 (74.0)
<0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)
23.2 ± 3.3
23.3 ± 3.6
23.3 ± 3.4
23.2 ± 3.1
0.67
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
123 ± 16.0
122 ± 15.7
123 ± 16.0
124 ± 16.0
<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
74 ± 12.2
72 ± 12.2
74 ± 12.2
75 ± 12.1
<0.0001
HbA1c (%, NGSP)
5.4 ± 0.6
5.4 ± 0.8
5.4 ± 0.6
5.4 ± 0.6
0.39
White blood cell (×102/μL)
65.0 ± 17.4
64.0 ± 16.4
64.9 ± 17.7
65.3 ± 17.1
0.32
Past history of CVD, (%)
84 (1.2)
10 (2.2)
36 (1.2)
38 (1.2)
0.15
Medication for
Hypertension, (%)
259 (3.8)
13 (2.9)
113 (3.7)
133 (4.1)
0.41
Dyslipidemia, (%)
71 (1.0)
0 (0.0)
33 (1.1)
38 (1.2)
—*
Diabetes, (%)
66 (1.0)
5 (1.1)
32 (1.0)
29 (0.9)
—*
Alcohol consumption
No~occasional/1~3/w/4~6/w/daily (%)*
45/23/11/22
48/26/8/17
48/23/11/18
41/22/12/26
<0.0001
Current smoker, (%)
2,606 (38.5)
171 (38.0)
1,120 (36.6)
1,315 (40.3)
0.009
Having regular exercise
No/occasional/1/w/≥2/w (%)*
50/13/18/20
54/14/14/18
50/13/18/20
47/14/19/20
0.09
Hearing loss at least in one ear at 4,000 Hz, (%)
457 (6.7)
19 (4.2)
175 (5.7)
263 (8.1)
<0.0001
Hearing loss at least in one ear at 1,000 Hz, (%)
168 (2.5)
8 (1.8)
77 (2.5)
83 (2.5)
0.61
Work duration (hour) (available )
8.5 ± 1.2
8.9 ± 1.4
8.6 ± 1.2
8.4 ± 1.1
<0.0001
Prevalence of longer sleep duration eight years later, (%)
452 (6.7)
11 (2.4)
109 (3.6)
332 (10.2)
<0.0001
The data are expressed as means ± SD. Triglyceride is expressed as medians (interquartiles). Individuals with longer sleep duration (≥8 hour) at baseline were not enrolled in the longitudinal study.
*Total sum is not 100% in some cases because of decimal points. BMI: body mass index, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, NGSP: national glycohemoglobin standardization program, and CVD: cardiovascular disease (including stroke).
