Subclinical Hearing Loss, Longer Sleep Duration, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Japanese General Population

Table 5

Relative risks for longer sleep duration according to baseline hearing loss.

	Baseline hearing loss at 4000 Hz		Baseline hearing loss at 1000 Hz
	Absent	Present	Absent	Present
Baseline	6317	457	6606	168
Long-time sleep in 2008	394	58	433	19
	Relative risk (95% CI)		Relative risk (95% CI)
Model 1	1	2.19 (1.63–2.93)^†	1	1.82 (1.12–2.96)*
Model 2	1	1.56 (1.14–2.13)*	1	1.50 (0.92–2.47)
Model 3	1	1.53 (1.11–2.10)*	1	1.52 (0.92–2.50)

and .
Longer sleep duration at the time point of 9 years was defined as ≥8 h. Hearing loss was defined as loss of hearing of >25 dB in at least one ear.
The number of subjects in each group is the same as that in Table 3.
Model 1: unadjusted.
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, and regular exercise.
Model 3: Model 2 plus baseline medications for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes; baseline past history of cardiovascular disease; and baseline body mass index and white blood cell count (total available ).