Hydrothermal Preparation of Gd³⁺-Doped Titanate Nanotubes: Magnetic Properties and Photovoltaic Performance

Figure 4

Raman spectra of: (a) Pure TiO₂; (b) 5% Gd³⁺-TiO₂; (c) Pure TNT; (d) 5% Gd³⁺-TNT.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)