Surface Texturing with Hemispherical Cavities to Improve Efficiency in Silicon Solar Cells

<table>Critical sun-elevation angle <svg height="12.175" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.1 12.175" width="14.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path d="M478 372q0 -39 -31 -97t-61 -98t-78 -98q-45 -55 -73 -102q-13 -79 -13 -197q-11 -11 -43.5 -25.5t-53.5 -15.5l-15 17q5 35 26 101.5t47 123.5q8 72 -1.5 174.5t-37.5 178.5q-14 37 -29 37q-20 0 -67 -65l-25 21q37 60 73 90.5t63 30.5q47 0 72 -112q13 -56 17.5 -141.5
t0.5 -143.5h2q155 193 155 297q0 26 -12 47q-5 8 -5 15q0 16 12.5 27t29.5 11q21 0 34 -21t13 -55z" id="x1D6FE"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.575,11.762)"><path d="M383 397q0 -32 -35 -49q-12 -6 -23 8q-37 45 -84 45t-90 -71q-40 -65 -40 -167q0 -57 22 -86t59 -29q38 0 81.5 24.5t69.5 51.5l16 -21q-44 -53 -104 -84t-109 -31q-56 0 -89.5 41t-33.5 117q0 61 30 124t79 105q33 28 81 50.5t86 22.5q34 0 59 -15.5t25 -35.5z" id="x1D450"></path></g>
</svg> versus process ratio <svg height="16.450001" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-3.39066pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 31.6625 16.450001" width="31.6625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path d="M499 88q-41 -46 -83.5 -73t-68.5 -27q-41 0 -19 98l52 225q10 43 8 59.5t-16 16.5q-37 0 -112 -65t-117 -135q-14 -42 -38 -179q-36 -7 -75 -20l-7 8l127 594q8 40 2.5 49t-35.5 9h-35l5 25q36 3 71.5 13t56.5 18t25 8q11 0 3 -38l-88 -417h2q77 102 195 167q44 24 79 24
q61 0 30 -130l-52 -220q-8 -33 4 -33q8 0 31 14.5t43 33.5z" id="x210E"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.834,12.162)"><path d="M368 703l-264 -866h-60l265 866h59z" id="x2F"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.837,12.162)"><path d="M530 686q-79 -330 -126 -595q-5 -24 4 -24q22 0 77 53l16 -24q-42 -49 -88 -78.5t-72 -29.5q-37 0 -19 83l21 99h-2q-62 -83 -153 -141q-65 -41 -97 -41q-28 0 -48 31.5t-20 91.5q0 71 32.5 144t88.5 118q36 30 94 52.5t94 22.5q38 0 68 -13l29 158q7 40 2 47.5t-38 7.5
h-35l1 26q39 4 76 13.5t58.5 17t27.5 7.5q16 0 9 -26zM387 375q-11 11 -38.5 20t-51.5 9q-45 0 -79 -23q-46 -32 -77.5 -107.5t-31.5 -143.5q0 -40 9.5 -58.5t23.5 -18.5q40 0 113.5 70t99.5 118z" id="x1D451"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,25.275,16.25)"><path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105
q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path></g>
</svg>. The angle <i>γ</i> is measured from ground level and assumes 90° at the Zenith.</table>

International Journal of Photoenergy

fig5

Figure 5

Figure 5: Surface Texturing with Hemispherical Cavities to Improve Efficiency in Silicon Solar Cells 