Annealing Effect of ZnO Seed Layer on Enhancing Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO/TiO<sub><b>2</b></sub> Nanostructure

Kim, Woo-Young; Kim, Soon-Wook; Yoo, Dae-Hwang; Kim, Eui Jung; Hahn, Sung Hong

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/130541

International Journal of Photoenergy

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2013 | Article ID 130541 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/130541

Annealing Effect of ZnO Seed Layer on Enhancing Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO/TiO₂ Nanostructure

Woo-Young Kim,¹Soon-Wook Kim,¹Dae-Hwang Yoo,^1,2Eui Jung Kim,³and Sung Hong Hahn^1,2

Academic Editor: David Lee Phillips

Received14 Mar 2013

Accepted26 Apr 2013

Published16 May 2013

Abstract

Zinc oxide (ZnO)/titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanorods have been synthesized via a hydrothermal method for ZnO nanorods and an electron-beam deposition for TiO₂ nanorods. This work examined the effect of annealing ZnO seed layer on the photocatalytic activity of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods which was determined from photodecomposition of methylene blue under UV irradiation. The photocatalytic activity of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods was improved with increasing annealing temperature of the seed layer from 300°C to 500°C. Annealing the seed layer at 500°C showed the best photocatalytic activity resulting from high UV absorption ability, a large surface area with flower structure and copious oxygen defects which promote separation of electron-hole pairs reducing electron recombination. The prepared nanorods were characterized by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), and UV-visible spectroscopy.

1. Introduction

The synthesis of semiconductor nanomaterial is of great worldwide interest. The nanomaterials have enhanced optical and electronic properties, finding their application in various fields such as optoelectronic nanodevices and optical excitations [1–3]. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is the most promising material for a photocatalyst, because it has good photoactivity, long-term stability, and low cost. Anatase phase, one of TiO₂ crystal structures, shows higher photoactivity than rutile [4, 5]. Zinc oxide (ZnO), which has a direct band gap of 3.37 eV and large exciton binding energy of 60 meV, has a high mechanical and a thermal stability [6–8]. In addition, it can be utilized as a source which makes blue/UV optoelectronic devices due to its photochemical properties [9]. It is known that ZnO/TiO₂ nanomaterials promote charge separation decreasing electron-hole recombination [10]. Furthermore, they have high chemical and thermal stability and high absorption in the UV region [11]. As a result, the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods show an enhanced photocatalytic activity. The fabrication of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures has attracted considerable attention due to their great optical and electrical properties [12]. Various 1D of ZnO nanostructures such as nanorods, nanowires, and nanorings have been synthesized by physical and chemical methods including molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) [13], plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) [14], thermal evaporation [15], and template based method [16]. The wet chemical processes are a cost-effective low-temperature technique [17–20]. The hydrothermal technique is an effective method to control the 1D ZnO nanostructure [21], which is surface independent [22]. The physical properties of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods relate to their nanostructure which is dependent on deposition conditions and annealing. Especially, the annealing of the ZnO seed layer improved adhesion on substrate, which contributed to well-aligned ZnO nanorods [23]. The annealing process is important to obtain desirable structural and optical properties. The main contributions of seed layer annealing may come from the improvement of the crystallinity and absorption which could give an significantly effect on the photocatalytic acitivity of ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods [24].

In this study, we investigate the effect of seed layer annealing of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods on the photocatalytic activity. The TiO₂ nanorods were prepared by electron-beam evaporation. ZnO seed solution was then spin-coated on the TiO₂ nanorods, which was followed by annealing at 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C. Subsequently, the ZnO nanorods have been grown by hydrothermal method.

2. Experiments

2.1. Preparation of TiO₂ Nanorods

TiO₂ nanorods were obliquely deposited on quartz substrate using electron-beam evaporation. TiO₂ tablets with high purity (99.99%) were used as a raw material. After the deposition chamber was evacuated to a base pressure of torr, the TiO₂ films were deposited at a working oxygen gas pressure of torr. The working current was 200 mA and the electron gun voltage was 7.0 kV. The electron beam was irradiated at an incident angle of 75° to obtain the TiO₂ nanorods. The prepared nanorods were annealed at 600°C for 1 hour to form anatase structure.

2.2. Growth of ZnO Nanorods

ZnO nanorods were grown on the prepared TiO₂ nanorods via a hydrothermal method. ZnO seed solution was prepared by dissolving 5 mM of zinc acetate dihydrate (C₄H₆O₄Zn·2H₂O) in 100 mL of methoxy ethanol and then stirring for 24 hours. The ZnO seed solution was spin-coated on the TiO₂ nanorods/quartz substrate twice. The ZnO seed coated sample was annealed at 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C, which are referred to as ZT-300, ZT-400, and ZT-500, respectively. The ZnO growth solution was prepared by dissolving 16 mM of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn (NO₃)₂·6H₂O) and 25 mM of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) into 200 mL of distilled water. The ZnO seed coated sample was immersed into the growth solution at 90°C for 4 hours. The sample was then removed from the solution, washed with distilled water, and annealed at 350°C for 1 hour. For comparison, ZnO nanorods were grown without TiO₂, and their seed layers were annealed at 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C, which are labeled as Z-300, Z-400, and Z-500, respectively.

2.3. Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity

The surface morphology of the ZnO/TiO₂ and TiO₂ nanorods was examined by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, Supra 40, Carl Zeiss, Swiss). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were measured with a Rint 2000 vertical goniometer using Cu Kα radiation at 40 kV and 100 mA. The photoluminescence (PL) was measured by a SPEX 750 M PL spectrometer with 325 nm He-Cd laser with 4 mW output power at room temperature. UV-vis absorbance spectra were examined to investigate absorption property of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods. The photocatalytic activities of the ZnO/TiO₂ and ZnO nanorods were examined using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (HP 8453) by measuring the photodegradation rate of methylene blue (MB) with an initial concentration of mol/L. The thin films were immersed in the MB solution in a tubular quartz reactor under four surrounding UV lamps of 20 W (wavelength = 352 nm). After dark adsorption equilibrium for 30 min, photodegradation of the MB was measured by UV-vis spectrophotometer (HP 8453) at nm.

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 1 shows the SEM images of TiO₂ nanorods (as the buffer layer), ZT-300, ZT-400, and ZT-500. The obliquely deposited TiO₂ nanorod arrays have a high surface area as shown in Figure 1(a). Figure 1 observed that the size and structure of the ZnO nanorods depend on the annealing temperature of the seed layer. From the SEM results, the sizes of the TiO₂ nanorods and ZT-300, ZT-400, and ZT-500 were evaluated to diameter with (a) 21.1 nm, (b) 306.8 nm, (c) 210.2 nm, and (d) 96.6 nm, and length with (e) 60.0 nm, (f) 2.98 μm, (g) 2.48 μm, and (h) 1.91 μm. In the case of ZT-500, a flower-like structure composed of thin nanorods was formed, which relates to the polycrystalline structure of the large-size ZnO seed as shown in Figure 1(c). The big grains are polycrystalline ZnO seeds consisting of plenty of small crystallites [24]. The ZnO nanorods have been grown on the TiO₂ nanorod arrays with a porous surface. As a result, the agglomerate of ZnO nanorods with various directions was formed [19].

Figure 2 displays the XRD patterns of the Z-300, ZT-300, ZT-400, and ZT-500. In case of the ZnO (JCPDS card no. 79-2205) nanorods, the (100), (002), (101), and (102) peaks appeared. The high intensity (002) peak indicates that the prepared ZnO nanorods have hexagonal wurtzite structure and are grown along the -axis direction to the substrate surface [25, 26]. With the increase of the seed annealing temperature, the intensity of the (002) peak decreased due to a decrease in the reinforced atomic diffusion between the ZnO and TiO₂. When the seed layer of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods was annealed at high temperature, the atoms can acquire energy enough to move, leading to strengthened interdiffusion motion between the ZnO and TiO₂ [27]. The apparent (101) peaks of the TiO₂ (JCPDS card no. 84-1286) nanorods indicate anatase TiO₂. It is well known that the anatase TiO₂ exhibits a better photocatalytic activity than rutile TiO₂ [4]. Due to the presence of a ZnO/TiO₂ heterojunction, the recombination of electron-hole pairs will be restrained. This improves the availability of the electrons to transfer to the TiO₂ surface of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods and consequently causes a redox reaction [28].

In Figure 3, the PL spectra of the ZT-300, ZT-400, and ZT-500 show that the UV emission peak of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods appeared at 382 nm due to the recombination of free exciton [29, 30]. The peak of the ZT-500 was higher than those of other samples, implying that the crystallinity of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods was improved with increasing annealing temperature of the seed layers. A visible peak of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods appeared at 600 nm corresponding to the orange emission. It is related to the levels within band gap caused by defects, and in this case it is associated with oxygen vacancy defects [30]. The orange emission is due to the deep defects and it means that oxygen vacancy defects were deeply inserted in the band gap [31, 32]. The emission intensity of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods was enhanced with increasing annealing temperature of the seed layers. The inset of Figure 3 shows that the intensities of the visible peaks of the ZT-500 and Z-500 at 600 nm are greatly different. This implies that TiO₂ nanorods with ZnO seed layers annealed at 500°C work as supportive materials in the intense increase of orange emission in many ways [29]. The first thing is that they made the radius of ZnO nanorods reduce which is supported from SEM analysis in Figure 1. It leads to the increase of surface area active to the irradiating light and contribute to the increase of PL peak [33]. The second thing is to cause the increase of defects. Atomic diffusion between the ZnO and TiO₂ nanorods becomes vigorous at high temperature, resulting in the increase of defects [27]. A difference in the photocatalytic activity is related to the concentration of oxygen defects on the surface layer as well as surface adsorption ability. The oxygen vacancy defects work as an electron acceptor and trap photogenerated electrons decreasing the surface recombination of electron-hole pairs. As described above, the oxygen vacancy and the interstitial oxygen defects promote separation of electron-hole pairs to minimize the electron recombination, leading to higher photocatalytic activity [30, 34, 35].

Figure 4 shows the UV-visible absorbance spectra of the ZT-300, ZT-400, and ZT-500. The absorption edge was observed to be located at 371 nm for the crystalline ZnO. The absorbance increased significantly with increasing the annealing temperature of the seed layers. It results from a large surface area of ZT-500 with flower structure composed of thin nanorods as shown in Figure 1. It is that the amorphous phase is reduced with increasing the seed layer annealing temperature since more energy is supplied for crystalline growth, thus resulting in an improvement in crystallinity of the ZT-500. The relationship of the absorption coefficient and the incident photon energy of ZnO and TiO₂ nanorods is given by the equation , where is the absorption coefficient, is the energy of the incident photon, is 0.5 for the semiconductor with direct band gap, and is value of energy gap [36]. According to the above equation, the band gap of the ZnO nanorods was determined as 3.22 eV and that of the TiO₂ nanorods as 3.19 eV.

The photocatalytic activities of the ZnO/TiO₂ and ZnO nanorods were evaluated by the degradation of the MB under the UV irradiation. Figure 5(a) shows the UV-visible absorption spectra of the MB for the ZT-500 with various UV irradiation times. The MB showed a major absorption band at 665 nm which became transparent after 120 min irradiation, resulting from facile destruction of the chromophoric structure of the MB [37].

(a)

(b)

The photocatalytic activity of the samples can be represented by a plot of versus UV irradiation time [38]. Here is the concentration at irradiation time and is the initial concentration. Figure 5(b) shows the photocatalytic activity of the ZnO/TiO₂ and ZnO nanorods by the photodegradation of the MB under the UV irradiation. The MB was decomposed by 76.2%, 83.3%, 87.0%, and 95.5% after 4 h of the UV irradiation for Z-500, ZT-300, ZT-400, and ZT-500, respectively. The samples with a heterojunction of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods showed an enhanced photocatalytic activity than the ZnO nanorods. Improved photocatalytic activity comes from a high surface area of the TiO₂ nanostructure [27], and coupling effect of ZnO and TiO₂, which increases interfacial charge transfer and decreases the recombination of the electrons and holes by promoting their separation [39–41]. The ZT-500 showed the best photocatalytic activity, indicating that defects on the ZnO nanorods can act as a dominant factor for enhancing photocatalytic activity. In addition, the ZT-500 has a high surface area leading to high absorption ability compared with those of other samples and a high ability of the generating photoinduced electron-hole pairs [37].

Figure 6 shows the diagram of the band gap structure of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods. The photogenerated electrons transfer from the conduction band of ZnO to the conduction band of TiO₂. This leads to a decrease in the electron-hole pairs recombination by promoting their separation, and the lifetime of the charge carriers is increased [39, 40]. The charge separation increases the efficiency of the interfacial charge transfer and improves the redox process [40]. Therefore, the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods have a strongly positive effect on the photocatalytic activity.

4. Conclusion

TiO₂ nanorod structure was prepared by electron-beam evaporation method through oblique beam incidence. ZnO seed layers were coated on TiO₂ and annealed at 300–500°C, which was followed by ZnO nanorod growth to form heterojunction structure of ZnO/TiO₂. The annealed ZnO seed layer was found to have a significant influence on the morphology of the ZnO/TiO₂ nanorod arrays. With increasing the annealing temperature of the ZnO seed layers, the size of the ZnO nanoparticles was gradually increased, leading to different morphology of ZT-500 composed of the thin nanorods which have a large surface area and a high absorption ability. The heterostructure of ZnO/TiO₂ can promote the separation of the electron-hole pairs and decrease their recombination enhancing photocatalytic reaction. When the annealing temperature of the seed layers reaches a relatively high temperature of 500°C, the atomic diffusion between the ZnO and TiO₂ nanorods is significantly enhanced, resulting in more interface defects which reduce the electron-hole recombination. As a result, ZnO/TiO₂ nanorods with high annealing temperature of the seed layers exhibited excellent photocatalytic activities for the decomposition of the MB.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Human Resource Training Project for Regional Innovation (2012H1B8A2026179) and Basic Science Research Program (2012R1A1A4A01015466) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education Science and Technology (MEST).

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Copyright © 2013 Woo-Young Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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