Kinetics Study of Photocatalytic Activity of Flame-Made Unloaded and Fe-Loaded CeO<sub><b>2</b></sub> Nanoparticles

Channei, D.; Inceesungvorn, B.; Wetchakun, N.; Phanichphant, S.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/484831

International Journal of Photoenergy

On this page

Abstract Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Environmental Photocatalysis 2013

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2013 | Article ID 484831 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/484831

Kinetics Study of Photocatalytic Activity of Flame-Made Unloaded and Fe-Loaded CeO₂ Nanoparticles

D. Channei,¹B. Inceesungvorn,¹N. Wetchakun,²and S. Phanichphant³

Academic Editor: Jiaguo Yu

Received08 Jun 2013

Accepted04 Oct 2013

Published21 Nov 2013

Abstract

Unloaded CeO₂ and nominal 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 5.00, and 10.00 mol% Fe-loaded CeO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP). The samples were characterized to obtain structure-activity relation by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry (UV-vis DRS). XRD results indicated that phase structures of Fe-loaded CeO₂ nanoparticles were the mixture of CeO₂ and Fe₂O₃ phases at high iron loading concentrations. HRTEM images showed the significant change in morphology from cubic to almost-spherical shape observed at high iron loading concentration. Increased specific surface area with increasing iron content was also observed. The results from UV-visible reflectance spectra clearly showed the shift of absorption edge towards longer visible region upon loading CeO₂ with iron. Photocatalytic studies showed that Fe-loaded CeO₂ sample exhibited higher activity than unloaded CeO₂, with optimal 2.00 mol% of iron loading concentration being the most active catalyst. Results from XPS analysis suggested that iron in the Fe³⁺ state might be an active species responsible for enhanced photocatalytic activities observed in this study.

1. Introduction

Organic compounds from industries are one of the major causes of water pollution [1]. Various strategies have been employed to remove these toxic compounds [2, 3]. One of the most interesting approaches is heterogeneous photocatalysis because the process is based on the use of solar energy, which is clean and abundant in nature [4, 5]. In the recent years, cerium dioxide (CeO₂ or ceria) has received considerable attention because this material shows promising applications in solid oxide fuel cells [6], environmental catalysis [7, 8], redox catalysis [9], and wet catalytic oxidation of organic pollutants [10]. However, the band gap of CeO₂ (3.22 eV) has limited the activation of solar energy; only UV light can be applied to generate electron-hole pairs at the beginning of photocatalytic processes. Thus, it is necessary to extend the absorbance of CeO₂ into visible region and reduce the electron-hole pairs recombination [11, 12]. There are many methods to modify light absorption properties of CeO₂, such as metal doping [13, 14], surface sensitization [15], and coupling with semiconductor that has smaller band gap [16]. Recently, transition metal doping/loading has been widely used to enhance the light absorption of CeO₂ [17, 18]. It has been reported in many works of literature that the metal ions of Pt [19], Ag [20], Fe [21], Mn [22], Co [23], Ni [24], and Zn [25] in CeO₂ could improve CeO₂ photocatalytic activity towards the visible-light region. Among these metals, Fe has been considered as a candidate owing to its special Fenton reaction of iron. The Fenton process can improve the photocatalytic activity by producing the hydroxyl radicals (OH^•) which are very powerful oxidizer in photocatalytic process [26]. There are many methods to prepare unloaded CeO₂ and Fe-doped/-loaded CeO₂ nanoparticles such as sol-gel [27], sonochemical [28], homogeneous precipitation [29], hydrothermal [30], microemulsions [31], surfactant-assisted precipitation [32], and flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) methods [33].

Among them, the latter one is a promising approach because FSP can produce the nanoparticle products with particle size in the range of 1–200 nm at high production rates up to 250 g/h in one step [34]. Other advantages are the ability to dissolve the precursor directly in the fuel and the simplicity of introduction of the precursor into the hot flame zone. In addition, the process of loading/doping metal oxide with metals can easily be done by adding dopant in the precursor solution [35, 36]. In the present work, unloaded CeO₂ and Fe-loaded CeO₂ nanoparticles were directly synthesized by FSP method. The formic acid and oxalic acid were chosen as model organic pollutants for photocatalytic study under visible-light irradiation.

2. Experimental

2.1. Preparation of Powders

The precursor solutions for FSP consisted of cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.99 wt%) and iron acetyl acetonate (Sigma-Aldrich, 97 wt%). The cerium precursor was dissolved in absolute ethanol (Scharlau, 98%) to obtain a 0.50 M concentration. Amounts of Fe loading concentration were varied as 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 5.00, and 10.00 mol% in order to prepare Fe-loaded CeO₂ samples. The precursor mixtures were fed into the center of flame by syringe pump with a rate of 5 mL/min and dispersed by 5 L/min oxygen according to the previous report [37]. Then, the liquid precursor was dispersed quickly in an upward direction by gas stream and ignited by premixed oxygen/methane flame. The gas flow rates of oxygen and methane-supporting flame were set as constant rates of 1.19 and 2.46 L/min, respectively. After evaporation and combustion of liquid precursor droplet, nanoparticle products were collected on a glass microfiber filter papers (Whatmann GF/A, 25.7 cm in diameter) with a vacuum pump controller.

2.2. Characterization of Nanoparticles

The phase and crystallinity of the synthesized samples were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD; Philips X’Pert MPD; CuKα radiation). The most intense peak corresponding to (111) plane was chosen to calculate the crystallite sizes () using Scherrer equation as follow: where is a constant equal to 0.89, is the X-ray wavelength equal to 0.154 nm , is the full width at half-maximum (FWHM), and is the half-diffraction angle [38]. The chemical composition and oxidation state of material were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using Mg X-ray source (MgKα, Kratos Axis Ultra DLD). The binding energy of the adventitious carbon (C 1 s) line at 285 eV was used for calibration, and the position of other peaks was corrected according to the position of the C 1 s signal. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, JEOL JEM-2010) was employed to determine the morphology of prepared samples. The mean particle size and specific surface area (SSA) were investigated using the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption method (QuantachromeAutosorp 1 MP). The reflectance spectra of the nanoparticle powders were obtained by using UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry (UV-vis DRS) equipped with integrating sphere detector (Shimadzu, UV-3101PC).

2.3. Photocatalytic Activity

1.00 g /L of photocatalyst suspensions was prepared in deionized water and circulated in closed system spiral photoreactor. In a typical run, carbon burn-off step was firstly carried out by illuminating the photocatalyst suspension with a UV-A lamp (Sylvania Blacklight Blue, 18 W) in order to remove any organic impurities from the photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated through formic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 98 wt%) and oxalic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.99 wt%) degradations under the visible irradiation for 120 min. Finally, the generated carbon dioxide (CO₂) was measured using the conductivity meter (Eutech Instruments Cyberscan PC5500, μS/cm² precision). At the end of each photocatalytic experiment, the recorded data presented the increase in conductivity value. In order to calculate amounts of generated CO₂, the values were converted from conductivity at that time to the amount of carbon by the interpolated from calibration curve.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD)

In Figure 1, the X-ray diffraction pattern has been used in order to study the structure and phase composition of the prepared samples. It can be seen that all samples had similar diffraction patterns of cubic fluorite structure of ceria (JCPDS 340394) [39]. However, the sample with high amount of iron loading (2.00, 5.00, and 10.00 mol%) exhibited the mixed phase of CeO₂ and Fe₂O₃ (JCPDS 330664) [40]. The XRD peaks of all samples were magnified as shown in Figure 2. It was found that CeO₂ peaks shifted towards higher 2 upon increasing iron content. The calculated d-spacing, lattice parameter, unit cell volume, and average crystallite size were also decreased as shown in Table 1. These observations could be ascribed to partial substitution of Ce⁴⁺ ions (0.101 nm) by Fe³⁺ ions (0.064 nm) [41]. A decrease of unit cell parameters due to the substitution of larger ion by the smaller one was also found in previous reports [42, 43].

3.2. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM)

As seen from Figure 3(a), the unloaded CeO₂ clearly showed the cubic morphology of cubic fluorite CeO₂ structure. In Figure 3(b), the particles became more spherical upon loading CeO₂ with iron. This change in CeO₂ morphology might be due to the incorporation of iron ions in CeO₂ lattice, thus affecting the particle growth and causing lattice deformation [44]. This assumption was supported by the shift of XRD peak and the changes of lattice parameters as reported in Table 1. The average particle sizes as seen from HRTEM image were about 6–8 nm. This was in good agreement with the calculated sizes obtained by using the Scherrer equation. Figure 3(c) shows the lattice fringes of 2.00 mol% Fe-loaded CeO₂. The lattice planes with -spacing of 0.16 and 0.20 nm were attributed to the (311) and (220) planes of cubic fluorite CeO₂, respectively, whereas the plane with -spacing of 0.24 was assigned to the (110) plane of Fe₂O₃. These results confirmed the presence of mixed phase between CeO₂ and Fe₂O₃ in the nominal 2.00 mol% Fe-loaded CeO₂ as found previously in the XRD patterns (Figure 1).

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.3. Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption Isotherms

The specific surface areas (SSA) of different samples were analyzed by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method based on the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm. The mean BET diameter () was also calculated by using the following equation [45]: where is the BET-specific surface area and is the density of the CeO₂ (7.32 g/mL). As shown in Table 2, an increase of surface area accompanied with a decrease of BET diameter was clearly observed upon increasing iron content. This increased surface area would be beneficial to the efficient photocatalytic performance due to high surface adsorption of organic pollutants. The calculated BET diameter was in the range of 5–7 nm which was very well in agreement with those obtained by using the Scherrer equation (Table 1).

3.4. UV-Visible Spectroscopy

UV-vis reflectance analysis was performed by converting the obtained reflectance spectra (Figure 4(a)) to the Kubelka-Munk absorbance spectra using the Kubelka-Munk equation as follows [46]: where and are the Schuster-Kubelka-Munk absorbance and the absolute reflectance of the sample, respectively. The plot of absorbance against wavelength for the CeO₂ nanoparticle powders is shown in Figure 4(b).

(a)

(b)

(c)

The spectra showed that the absorption edge shifted to longer wavelength upon increasing the iron loading concentration. Band gap energies of the obtained samples can then be determined by using the intercept of the tangent to the graph plotting between the Kubelka-Munk absorption function and photon energy () as shown in Figure 4(c) [47, 48]. The obtained band gap energies () as reported in Table 2 decreased with increasing iron loading concentration.

3.5. Photocatalytic Activity

The photocatalytic activity of unloaded and Fe-loaded CeO₂ was evaluated by degradation of formic and oxalic acids. The effects of different iron loading concentrations on the photocatalytic efficiency of CeO₂ nanoparticles were evaluated under visible-light irradiation for 120 min, and the results are presented in Figure 5. According to the results, the photocatalytic activities of Fe-loaded CeO₂ nanoparticles were significantly higher than those of unloaded CeO₂ nanoparticles. This improved photoactivity could be partially ascribed to the enhanced light absorption in visible-light region as observed from the UV-vis study in Figure 4. However, the activity was clearly dependent on the amount of iron loading. The results demonstrated that the nominal 2.00 mol% was an optimal iron concentration for photocatalytic activity of CeO₂ nanoparticles in this research. On the other hand, 5.00% and 10.00 mol% iron concentrations showed poor photocatalytic activity, probably because high iron concentration tended to cover CeO₂ surface, thus preventing light from contacting the CeO₂ surface [49].

(a)

(b)

Another possible reason was that too high iron loading can act as the electron-hole recombination centers instead of the trapping level, resulting in a decreased photocatalytic activity [47, 50]. The kinetic data for formic and oxalic acids degradations under visible-light illumination were found to follow pseudo first-order reaction [51] as shown in Figure 6. The pseudo first-order model is explained by where is the apparent rate constant (min⁻¹), means the initial concentration of acid, and refers to the concentration of acid at various reaction times (). The determined pseudo first-order rate constants (, min⁻¹) are presented in Table 3. It can be seen that the loading of 2.00 mol% iron in CeO₂ nanoparticles could remarkably improve the apparent rate constant up to 5 times for formic acid and 3 times for oxalic acid compared with the unloaded one.

(a)

(b)

In order to investigate the effect of surface area on the degradation activity, the surface-area-normalized degradation values against visible-light irradiation time were plotted as shown in Figure 7, and the calculated surface-area-normalized rate constants are presented in Table 3. The results clearly suggested that surface-area of the catalyst has a crucial impact on the activity of acid degradation in this study because the surface area-normalized rate constants are significantly decreased from the original values. However, other factors such as band gap energy, amount of Fe loading, sample crystallinity, and phase composition [52] could not be neglected as these could also contribute to the difference in photocatalytic activity of the catalysts being studied.

(a)

(b)

3.6. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

In order to characterize the valence state of cerium and iron in 2.00 mol% Fe-loaded CeO₂, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out as shown in Figure 8.

(a)

(b)

According to Figure 8(a), the peaks at 710.6 and 723.4 eV assignable to the core level of 2p_3/2 and 2p_1/2, respectively, corresponded to Fe³⁺ species in Fe₂O₃ [53, 54]. No other peaks due to Fe⁰ and Fe²⁺ were found in the XPS results. From the Ce 3d XPS spectrum, the binding energies of all peaks are shown in Figure 8(b). These peaks corresponded to the three pairs of spin-orbit doublets assignable to Ce⁴⁺ valence state which were very well in agreement with the previous reports [55, 56].

4. Conclusions

Fe-loaded CeO₂ nanoparticles with different iron loading concentrations have successfully been synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP). Loading CeO₂ with Fe³⁺ resulted in a decrease of d-spacing, lattice parameter, unit cell volume, and crystallite size but an increase of BET surface area. The UV-vis absorption spectra displayed a red shift in the band edge transition upon increasing of iron loading concentration. XPS analysis showed the presence of Fe³⁺ species on the surface of CeO₂. This could be attributed to the presence of Fe₂O₃ as observed from the XRD and HRTEM analyses. Increased photocatalytic activity compared with unloaded CeO₂ was clearly obtained from the Fe-loading sample. It was found from this study that the nominal 2.00 mol% was an optimum iron loading concentration, giving the highest photocatalytic activity. Band gap energy and surface of the catalyst were found to be important factors affecting the photocatalytic activity observed in this study. However, other factors such as amount of Fe loading, sample crystallinity, and phase composition could not be neglected.

Acknowledgments

This work has been supported by Thailand Research Fund (TRF) through the Royal Golden Jubilee (RGJ) Ph.D. Program. The National Research University Project under Thailand’s Office of Higher Education Commission; the Materials Science Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; and the Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, are greatly acknowledged.

References

J. Nowotny, C. C. Sorrell, L. R. Sheppard, and T. Bak, “Solar-hydrogen: environmentally safe fuel for the future,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 521–544, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. L. Thompson and J. T. Yates Jr., “Surface science studies of the photoactivation of TiO₂-new photochemical processes,” Chemical Reviews, vol. 106, no. 10, pp. 4428–4453, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Zhao, C. Chen, and W. Ma, “Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants under visible light irradiation,” Topics in Catalysis, vol. 35, no. 3-4, pp. 269–278, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
I. N. Martyanov, S. Uma, S. Rodrigues, and K. J. Klabunde, “Structural defects cause TiO₂-based photocatalysts to be active in visible light,” Chemical Communications, vol. 10, no. 21, pp. 2476–2477, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. N. Martyanov, T. Berger, O. Diwald, S. Rodrigues, and K. J. Klabunde, “Enhancement of TiO₂ visible light photoactivity through accumulation of defects during reduction-oxidation treatment,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, vol. 212, no. 2-3, pp. 135–141, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Liu and M. Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, “Transition metal-promoted oxidation catalysis by fluorite oxides: a study of CO oxidation over Cu-CeO₂,” Chemical Engineering Journal and the Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 283–294, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
G. R. Rao, J. Kašpar, S. Meriani, R. di Monte, and M. Graziani, “NO decomposition over partially reduced metallized CeO₂-ZrO₂ solid solutions,” Catalysis Letters, vol. 24, no. 1-2, pp. 107–112, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Kašpar, P. Fornasiero, and N. Hickey, “Automotive catalytic converters: current status and some perspectives,” Catalysis Today, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 419–449, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Li, Q. Fu, and M. Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, “Low-temperature water-gas shift reaction over Cu- and Ni-loaded cerium oxide catalysts,” Applied Catalysis B, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 179–191, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Neri, A. Pistone, C. Milone, and S. Galvagno, “Wet air oxidation of p-coumaric acid over promoted ceria catalysts,” Applied Catalysis B, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 321–329, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Ho, J. C. Yu, T. Kwong, A. C. Mak, and S. Lai, “Morphology-controllable synthesis of mesoporous CeO₂ nano- and microstructures,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 17, no. 17, pp. 4514–4522, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. I. Litter, “Heterogeneous photocatalysis: transition metal ions in photocatalytic systems,” Applied Catalysis B, vol. 23, no. 2-3, pp. 89–114, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Tuprakay and W. Liengcharernsit, “Lifetime and regeneration of immobilized titania for photocatalytic removal of aqueous hexavalent chromium,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 124, no. 1–3, pp. 53–58, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Choi, A. Termin, and M. R. Hoffmann, “The role of metal ion dopants in quantum-sized TiO₂: correlation between photoreactivity and charge carrier recombination dynamics,” Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 98, no. 51, pp. 13669–13679, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Kaur and V. Singh, “Visible light induced sonophotocatalytic degradation of reactive red dye 198 using dye sensitized TiO₂,” Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 531–537, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Grätzel, “Photoelectrochemical cells,” Nature, vol. 414, no. 6861, pp. 338–344, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. J. Avila-Paredes, P. Jain, S. Sen, and S. Kim, “Oxygen transport in Sc-doped CeO₂: cation (45Sc) NMR as a probe of anionic conductivity,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 893–897, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Hong, H. Yoshida, and T. Sakuma, “High temperature creep strength of Si₃N₄-Y₂Si₂O₇ ceramics by stress relaxation based on a new interpretation model,” Key Engineering Materials, vol. 336-338, pp. 1420–1423, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Panagiotopoulou, J. Papavasiliou, G. Avgouropoulos, T. Ioannides, and D. I. Kondarides, “Water-gas shift activity of doped Pt/CeO₂ catalysts,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 134, no. 1–3, pp. 16–22, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Kitiwiang and S. Phanichphant, “Synthesis of silver-doped cerium dioxide nanoparticles by the homogeneous precipitation,” Journal of Microscopy Society of Thailand, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 83–86, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Maensiri, S. Phokha, P. Laokul, and S. Seraphin, “Room temperature ferromagnetism in Fe-doped CeO₂ nanoparticles,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 6415–6420, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Xia, C. Hu, P. Chen, B. Wan, X. He, and Y. Tian, “Magnetic properties and photoabsorption of the Mn-doped CeO₂ nanorods,” Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 794–798, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Sacanell, M. A. Paulin, V. Ferrari, G. Garbarino, and A. G. Leyva, “Surface photoluminescence and magnetism in hydrothermally grown undoped ZnO nanorod arrays,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 100, no. 11, pp. 172401–172405, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Kumar, Y. J. Kim, B. H. Koo, and C. G. Lee, “Structural and magnetic properties of Ni doped CeO₂ nanoparticles,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 7204–7207, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. S. Santos, W. S. D. Folly, and M. A. Macêdo, “Ferromagnetism in diluted magnetic Zn-Co-doped CeO_2-δ,” Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 407, no. 16, pp. 3233–3235, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Araña, O. González Díaz, M. Miranda Saracho, J. M. Doa Rodríguez, J. A. Herrera Melián, and J. Pérez Pea, “Photocatalytic degradation of formic acid using Fe/TiO₂ catalysts: the role of Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ions in the degradation mechanism,” Applied Catalysis B, vol. 32, no. 1-2, pp. 49–61, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q.-Z. Yan, X.-T. Su, Z.-Y. Huang, and C.-C. Ge, “Sol-gel auto-igniting synthesis and structural property of cerium-doped titanium dioxide nanosized powders,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 915–921, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Yin, Y. Wang, G. Pang, Y. Koltypin, and A. Gedanken, “Sonochemical synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles—effect of additives and quantum size effect,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 246, no. 1, pp. 78–84, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Truffault, Q. W. Yao, D. Wexler et al., “Synthesis and characterization of Fe doped CeO₂ nanoparticles for pigmented ultraviolet filter applications,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 4019–4028, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Hirano and M. Inagaki, “Preparation of monodispersed cerium(IV) oxide particles by thermal hydrolysis: influence of the presence of urea and Gd doping on their morphology and growth,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 473–477, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Bumajdad, M. I. Zaki, J. Eastoe, and L. Pasupulety, “Microemulsion-based synthesis of CeO₂ powders with high surface area and high-temperature stabilities,” Langmuir, vol. 20, no. 25, pp. 11223–11233, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Terribile, A. Trovarelli, J. Llorca, C. De Leitenburg, and G. Dolcetti, “The synthesis and characterization of mesoporous high-surface area ceria prepared using a hybrid organic/inorganic route,” Journal of Catalysis, vol. 178, no. 1, pp. 299–308, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Mädler, W. J. Stark, and S. E. Pratsinis, “Flame-made ceria nanoparticles,” Journal of Materials Research, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1356–1362, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Mueller, L. Mädler, and S. E. Pratsinis, “Nanoparticle synthesis at high production rates by flame spray pyrolysis,” Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 1969–1976, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Mädler, T. Sahm, A. Gurlo et al., “Sensing low concentrations of CO using flame-spray-made Pt/SnO₂ nanoparticles,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 783–796, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Samerjai, N. Tamaekonga, K. Wetchakun et al., “Flame-spray-made metal-loaded semiconducting metal oxides thick films for flammable gas sensing,” Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 171-172, pp. 43–61, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Liewhiran and S. Phanichphant, “Effects of palladium loading on the response of a thick film flame-made ZnO gas sensor for detection of ethanol vapor,” Sensors, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 1159–1184, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Li, X. Wang, M. Yan, and L. Li, “Preparation and characterization of nano-TiO₂ powder,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 184–188, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Gupta, M. S. Hegde, K. R. Priolkar, U. V. Waghmare, P. R. Sarode, and S. Emura, “Structural investigation of activated lattice oxygen in Ce_1-xSn_xO₂ and Ce_1-x-ySn_xPdyO_2-δ by EXAFS and DFT calculation,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 21, no. 24, pp. 5836–5847, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Nishimura, H. Katayama, K. Noda, and T. Kodama, “Electrochemical behavior of rust formed on carbon steel in a wet/dry environment containing chloride ions,” Corrosion, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 935–941, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
R. D. Shannon, “Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomie distances in halides and chaleogenides,” Acta Crystallographica Section A, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 751–767, 1976.
View at: Google Scholar
G. L. Beausoleil, A. Thurber, S. S. Rao, G. Alanko, C. B. Hanna, and A. Punnoose, “Concentration dependence of magnetic moment in Ce_1-xFe_xO₂,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 111, no. 7, pp. 1–9, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Wu, L. Chen, Y. Jiao, G. Chen, and J. Li, “Preparation and characterization of Fe³⁺, La³⁺ Co-doped TiO₂ nanofibers and its photocatalytic activity,” Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 16–20, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Wen, B. Liu, X. Zhao, K. Nakata, T. Murakami, and A. Fujishima, “Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalysis of Fe-doped TiO₂: a combined experimental and theoretical study,” International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2012, Article ID 368750, 10 pages, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Agarwala, M. Kevin, A. S. W. Wong, C. K. N. Peh, V. Thavasi, and G. W. Ho, “Mesophase ordering of TiO₂ film with high surface area and strong light harvesting for dye-sensitized solar cell,” ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 1844–1850, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Sirita, S. Phanichphant, and F. C. Meunier, “Quantitative analysis of adsorbate concentrations by diffuse reflectance FT-IR,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 79, no. 10, pp. 3912–3918, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Wang, L. Xu, J. Zhang, T. Yin, and D. Han, “Enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ powders (P25) via calcination treatment,” International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2012, Article ID 265760, 9 pages, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. R. Mishra and O. N. Srivastava, “On the synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic applications of nanostructured TiO₂,” Bulletin of Materials Science, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 545–550, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. K. Seery, R. George, P. Floris, and S. C. Pillai, “Silver doped titanium dioxide nanomaterials for enhanced visible light photocatalysis,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, vol. 189, no. 2-3, pp. 258–263, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Zhang, C.-C. Wang, R. Zakaria, and J. Y. Ying, “Role of particle size in nanocrystalline TiO₂-based photocatalysts,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 102, no. 52, pp. 10871–10878, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Olad, S. Behboudi, and A. A. Entezami, “Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂/polyaniline core-shell nanocomposite,” Bulletin of Materials Science, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 801–809, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Mizukoshi and N. Masahashi, “Photocatalytic activities and crystal structures of titanium dioxide by anodization: their dependence upon current density,” Materials Transactions, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 1443–1448, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Yamashita and P. Hayes, “Analysis of XPS spectra of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions in oxide materials,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 254, no. 8, pp. 2441–2449, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. P. Grosvenor, B. A. Kobe, M. C. Biesinger, and N. S. McIntyre, “Investigation of multiplet splitting of Fe 2p XPS spectra and bonding in iron compounds,” Surface and Interface Analysis, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 1564–1574, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. K. Pradhan and K. M. Parida, “Fabrication of iron-cerium mixed oxide: an efficient photocatalyst for dye degradation,” International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 53–65, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Khare, R. J. Choudhary, K. Bapna, D. M. Phase, and S. P. Sanyal, “Resonance photoemission studies of (111) oriented CeO₂ thin film grown on Si (100) substrate by pulsed laser deposition,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 108, no. 10, Article ID 103712, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2013 D. Channei et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1754

Downloads

1864

Citations

International Journal of Photoenergy

Environmental Photocatalysis 2013

Kinetics Study of Photocatalytic Activity of Flame-Made Unloaded and Fe-Loaded CeO2 Nanoparticles

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Experimental

2.1. Preparation of Powders

2.2. Characterization of Nanoparticles

2.3. Photocatalytic Activity

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD)

3.2. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM)

3.3. Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption Isotherms

3.4. UV-Visible Spectroscopy

3.5. Photocatalytic Activity

3.6. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Copyright

Kinetics Study of Photocatalytic Activity of Flame-Made Unloaded and Fe-Loaded CeO₂ Nanoparticles