Research and Development Aspects on Chemical Preparation Techniques of Photoanodes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Table 3

Different electrochemical deposition methods used in DSSC.

Materials	Method	Efficiency ()%	Reference
Porous ZnO on carbon nanotube (CNT) coated polymer	Electrochemical deposition	2.5	[144]
Vertical ZnO nanotube (ZNT)	Electrochemical deposition followed by a selective etching process	1.01	[145]
Well-crystallined ZnO-eosin Y hybrid thin films	Two-step cathodic electrodeposition	0.21	[146]
Crystalline nanoporous layers of ZnO	Gas template electrodeposition	2.1	[147]
ZnO/dye hybrid thin films	Cathodic electrodeposition (electrochemically self-assembled)	—	[148]
ZnO nanobelt array films	Electrodeposition method with liquid crystal template	2.6	[149]
ZnO porous film on a plastic substrate	Electrophoresis deposition (EPD) process with UV-O3 treatment	4.04	[150]
ZnO photoanode on plastic	Electrophoretic deposition method	4.17	[151]
Nanowires and hierarchical ZnO nanostructures	Anodization and subsequent electrochemical deposition	—	[152]
Branched hierarchical ZnO nanowire arrays	Two-step electrochemical deposition process	0.88	[153]
Mesoporous platinum	Electrochemical deposition	7.6	[154]
Platinum/graphene hybrid film	Electrochemical deposition	7.88	[155]
Graphene-Pt/ITO (ITO-PG)	Electrochemical deposition	7.57	[156]
Platinum nanoparticle	Electrochemical deposition	6.4	[157]
Thin Pt counter electrode	Pulsed electrodeposition method	6	[158]
Platinum nanoparticles on plastic substrates	Electrophoretic deposition	5.8	[159]
Platinum (Pt) layer on ITO	Electroless deposition	6.46	[160]
Composite (PProDOT-Et2/Pt)	Electropolymerization	6.65	[161]
Closely packed titania nanoparticles	Electrochemical deposition	6.27	[162]
Coaxial TiO2/ZnO nanotube arrays	Electrochemical deposition	2.8	[163]
(-PEDOT/TiO2/FTO)	Electrochemical deposition	4.78	[164]
Nanocrystalline anatase TiO2	Reductive electrodeposition	5.1	[165]
TiO2/dye hybrid films	Anodic electrodeposition	—	[166]
Ordered titanate nanotube (TNT) films	Electrophoretic deposition	3.79	[167]
Titanate nanotubes	Hydrothermal process and electrophoretic deposition	6.71	[168]
Mesoporous TiO2 film on a titanium (Ti) foil	Electrophoretic deposition	6.5	[169]
Mesoporous TiO2 photoanode film on plastic substrate	Electrophoretic deposition	4.37	[170]
TiO2-B nanoribbon films	Electrophoretic deposition	0.87	[171]
Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays	Electrophoretic deposition	6.28	[172]
Titanium oxide () thin films	Cathodic electrolysis	2.33	[173]
Nanostructured TiO2 films	Plasma electrolytic oxidation combined with chemical and thermal post-treatments	2.194	[174]
Combined TiO2 structure with nanotubes and nanoparticles	Electrochemical anodization	5.75	[175]
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube arrays	Anodizing	4.38	[176]
Non-annealed anatase TiO2 film	Anodizing and sputtering	—	[177]
Titania nanotube arrays	Electrochemical anodization	—	[178]
TiO2 nanotube arrays	Anodizing, detachment and transfer method	1.78	[179]
Aligned high-aspect ratio TiO2 nanotube bundles	Rapid breakdown anodizing (electrochemical)	—	[180]
Well-aligned TiO2 nanotube arrays	Electrochemical etching	2.13	[181]
TiO2-nanotube array electrode	Arc ion plating (AIP) deposition and anodically oxidizing	1.88	[182]
Nanocrystalline TiO2 films	Microplasma oxidation (MPO) method (process combines electrochemical oxidation with a high-voltage spark treatment in an electrolyte bath)	0.092	[183]
Nanostructured TiO2 films	Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO)combined with chemical and thermal posttreatments	2.194	[174]
Functionalized and nonfunctionalized fullerene thin films on ITO glasses	Electrolytic micelle disruption method (the electrolysis method)	—	[184]
Arborous structure SnO2 porous films on Ti substrate	Pulse-potential technique (electrodeposition)	0.47	[185]
Crystalline CuSCN films	Cathodic electrodeposition	—	[186]
(PProDOT-Et2)	Electrochemical polymerization (electropolymerization)	7.88	[187]
High conductive transparent substrates were fabricated with nickel grids	Electroplating process	4.3	[188]
Polyaniline nanofiber/carbon film	Electrochemical deposition	6.85	[189]
Polyaniline nanofibers	Pulse electropolymerization	5.13	[190]