Investigation on the Synthesis and Photocatalytic Property of Uranyl Complexes of the <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-4.268501pt" id="M1" height="16.5463pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -12.2778 10.5522 16.5463" width="10.5522pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g5-224" d="M584 573C584 646 528 703 441 703C387 703 327 679 274 632C202 568 166 493 132 302L57 -122C43 -201 35 -214 21 -227L25 -246C54 -244 122 -236 156 -203C168 -191 175 -162 195 -40L261 369C291 556 318 652 391 652C431 652 465 620 465 543C465 497 449 456 408 422C395 411 364 405 340 403L309 336C386 319 447 279 447 188C447 105 419 50 329 50C290 50 253 63 226 77L216 55C218 23 252 -16 286 -16C324 -16 369 3 419 31C488 69 575 149 575 238C575 325 516 369 437 400C516 443 584 486 584 573Z"/></g></svg>-Diketonates Biscatecholamide Ligand

Zhang, Qingchun; Jin, Bo; Peng, Rufang; Wang, Xiaofang; Shi, Zhaotao; Liu, Qiangqiang; Lei, Shan; Liang, Hua

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8041647

International Journal of Photoenergy

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 8041647 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8041647

Investigation on the Synthesis and Photocatalytic Property of Uranyl Complexes of the -Diketonates Biscatecholamide Ligand

Qingchun Zhang,¹Bo Jin,¹Rufang Peng,¹Xiaofang Wang,¹Zhaotao Shi,²Qiangqiang Liu,³Shan Lei,¹and Hua Liang¹

Academic Editor: Jiangbo Yu

Received28 Jun 2016

Revised29 Aug 2016

Accepted06 Sept 2016

Published29 Jan 2017

Abstract

A series of uranyl complexes have been synthesized by reacting hexadentate ligands CH₂[COO (CH₂)_nCAM; , 3, 4]₂ [CAM = 2,3-Ph(OH)₂CONH] containing the catecholamide (CAM) group and β-diketonates framework with uranyl nitrate. They were characterized by FTIR, UV-vis, ¹H NMR, XPS, TGA, and elemental analysis. The analysis revealed that oxygen atom of β-diketonate did not bind to uranyl ion in complexes 1–3. The photocatalytic degradation properties of the target complexes for degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) were investigated. The result indicated that approximately 74%, 71%, and 67% RhB were degraded in the presence of complexes 1–3 after about 210 min, respectively. Consequently, complexes 1–3 have excellent photocatalytic degradation property.

1. Introduction

In recent years, uranyl complexes have attracted much attention for exploring reactivity and coordination behavior of 5f-elements, developing suitable trivalent actinide (An(III)) extractants for nuclear remediation [1], screening highly effective chelators structure for decorporation of trivalent actinide (An(III)) [2], and investigating applications in the fields of catalysis, ion exchange, sensors, and photochemistry [3–5].

At present, a large number of uranyl complexes have been synthesized due to their diversified property. Nevertheless, the characteristics of organic ligands play a key role in formation process of the uranyl complexes. Multidentates β-diketonates biscatecholamide ligands [6] have six binding sites due to the O-donor of catechol aromatic ring and β-diketonates [7, 8]. As an important chelator for decorporation of uranyl ion, catechol has the favorable stability constant [9, 10]. The β-diketonates compounds were adequate sensitizers to luminescent lanthanide complexes in which either visible or NIR emission is consecutive with photoinduced energy transfer from the sensitizing ligand [11]. The β-diketonates catecholamide ligands (H₄L^1–3) have been reported as efficient uranyl sequestration agents in neutral pH aqueous media [6], but the detailed functional properties of their uranyl complexes have not been studied.

Since early 1800s, the photocatalytic behavior of uranyl complexes has attracted considerable attention. In general, the equatorial plane can be formed between the coordinated atom and the uranyl ion, which appeared to be bulky conjugate system surrounding the rigid rings of ligands centered in uranyl [12]. Then excitation of these species can result in , which is very active and can trigger a variety of redox reactions to decompose the dye molecules [13, 14]. As compared to TiO₂, the excited electrons of dye molecules are injected into TiO₂ to decompose the dye molecules [15, 16]. It is generally accepted that, in the photocatalytic reaction, the excitation of uranyl complexes is much more efficient than that of the dye molecules. So, we design the new uranyl-β-diketonates biscatecholamide complexes (UO₂L^1–3·2H₂O), which may have efficient photocatalytic property. In this paper, three complexes UO₂L^1–3·2H₂O have been successfully synthesized in the presence of UO₂(NO₃)₂·6H₂O and β-diketonates biscatecholamide ligand. These complexes were characterized by FTIR spectra, UV-vis spectra, ¹H NMR, XPS spectra, and elemental analysis. Then photocatalytic degradation properties of the complexes were also investigated by RhB as model compound of organic pollutant.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials and Methods

UO₂(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (99.9%) was purchased from commercial products from HuBei ChuShengWei Chemistry Co., Ltd. All the organic reagents were pure commercial products from Aladdin. The solvents were purchased from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagents Co. The 300–400 mesh silica gel was purchased from Qingdao Hailang. ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance III 600 spectrometer. The FTIR spectra were obtained from Thermo Scientific Nicolet 380 FTIR spectrophotometer. The UV-vis spectra were obtained from Thermo Scientific Evolution 300 spectrophotometer. The XPS spectra were obtained from Thermo ESCALAB 250 electron spectrometer. Mass spectral analyses were conducted using Varian 1200 LC/MS. Elemental analyses of the complexes were carried out on a Vario EL III CHNS analyzer.

2.2. Synthesis of the Ligands

A solution of malonyl dichloride (1.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was dropped in the solution of 2,3-bis(benzyloxy)-N-(hydroxyalkyl)benzamide (2.0 mmol) and Et₃N (2.0 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) under ice bath and vigorous stirring conditions. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was purified by flash column chromatography. Then deprotection of the hydroxyl groups under H₂ and Pd/C catalytic conditions in THF resulted in the β-diketonates biscatecholamide ligands H₄L^1–3 [6].

Bis(2,3-bis(hydroxy)-N-(hydroxyethyl)benzamide)malonate (H₄L¹). ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-): δ = 8.90 (br s, 2H, CO-NH), 7.25 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.2 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 6.91 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.2 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 6.67 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 4.20 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 4H, -CH₂-), 3.52 (m, 6H, CO-CH₂-CO and -CH₂-). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-): δ = 170.4 (C=O), 166.9 (C=O), 150.0 (ArC), 146.7 (ArC), 119.2 (ArCH), 118.4 (ArCH), 117.8 (ArCH), 115.3 (ArC), 63.6 (-CH₂-), 41.5 (-CH₂-), 38.3 (-CH₂-). FTIR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3398, 2957, 2929, 1750, 1731, 1642, 1590, 1546, 1459. UV-vis (DMSO, nm): 248, 319. APCI-MS (m/z): 463.2 [M+H]⁺.

Bis(2,3-bis(hydroxy)-N-(3-hydroxypropyl)benzamide)malonate (H₄L²). ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-): δ = 12.74 (br s, 2H, Ar-OH), 9.17 (br s, 2H, Ar-OH), 8.84 (br s, 2H, CO-NH), 7.26 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.2 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 6.90 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.2 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 6.67 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 4.13 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 4H, -CH₂-), 3.51 (s, 2H, CO-CH₂-CO), 3.34 (m, 4H, -CH₂-), 1.87 (m, 4H, -CH₂-). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-): δ = 169.8 (C=O), 166.5 (C=O), 149.6 (ArC), 146.2 (ArC), 118.8 (ArCH), 117.8 (ArCH), 117.1 (ArCH), 114.9 (ArC), 62.8 (-CH₂-), 41.2 (-CH₂-), 35.8 (-CH₂-), 27.9 (-CH₂-). FTIR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3390, 2956, 1747, 1735, 1641, 1591, 1547, 1459. UV-vis (DMSO, nm): 246, 320. APCI-MS (m/z): 491.1 [M+H]⁺.

Bis(2,3-bis(hydroxy)-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)benzamide)malonate (H₄L³). ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-): δ = 8.80 (br s, 2H, CO-NH), 7.26 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.2 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 6.99 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.2 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 6.66 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 4H, -CH₂-), 3.50 (s, 2H, CO-CH₂-CO), 3.29 (dd, J = 12.5, 6.3 Hz, 4H, -CH₂-), 1.59 (m, 8H, -CH₂-CH₂-). ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-): δ = 169.7 (C=O), 166.6 (C=O), 149.6 (ArC), 146.2 (ArC), 118.7 (ArCH), 117.8 (ArCH), 117.0 (ArCH), 114.9 (ArC), 64.5 (-CH₂-), 41.1 (-CH₂-), 38.3 (-CH₂-), 25.5 (-CH₂-), 25.2 (-CH₂-). FTIR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3399, 2926, 1745, 1735, 1639, 1594, 1545, 1459. UV-vis (DMSO, nm): 248, 322. APCI-MS (m/z): 519.7 [M+H]⁺.

2.3. Synthesis of Uranyl Complexes

Caution! Even though the UO₂(NO₃)₂·6H₂O used in this study contains depleted uranium, standard precautions for handling radioactive substances should be followed.

A solution of UO₂(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (55.2 mg, 0.11 mmol) in methanol was added to a methanol solution of a β-diketonates biscatecholamide ligands H₄L^1–3 (0.1 mmol) with stirring. The colorless ligand solution immediately turned orange and shown a strong acidic reaction to pH paper, indicating the formation of a uranyl complex. Following the addition of 1 or 2 drops of pyridine the transparent reaction mixture became turbid. The solution was then heated at reflux overnight, under nitrogen. The uranyl complexes deposited as orange precipitates, which were collected by centrifugation, washed with methanol, and dried in a vacuum oven and obtained orange power.

UO₂L¹·2H₂O Complex (1). Yield 72%. The ¹H NMR spectra of DMSO- at room temperature show that the complex contains the major and minor species (possibly isomers); the ratio was about 5.2 : 1. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-, major species): δ = 10.03 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 2H, CO-NH), 7.13–7.03 (m, 2H, ortho cat-H), 6.98–6.88 (m, 4H, meta and para cat-H), 5.18 (dd, J = 23.8, 12.1 Hz, 2H, -CH₂-), 4.78 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 2H, -CH₂-), 4.00 (t, J = 12.0 Hz, 2H, -CH₂-), 3.63 (d, J = 14.2 Hz, 2H, -CH₂-), 2.83 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H, 0.5× -COCH₂CO-), 1.71 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H, 0.5× -COCH₂CO-). ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-, minor species): δ =10.92 (s, 2H, CO-NH), 7.67 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H, ortho cat-H), 7.44 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H, para cat-H), 6.67 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, meta cat-H), 4.97 (b, 2H, -CH₂-), 4.55 (b, 2H, -CH₂-), 4.21 (b, 2H, -CH₂-), 3.93 (m, 2H, -CH₂-), 3.07 (d, J = 17.3 Hz, 1H, 0.5× -COCH₂CO-), 2.83 (d, J = 17.3 Hz, 1H, 0.5× -COCH₂CO-). FTIR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3397, 1746, 1587, 1546, 1461, 1439, 1350, 1309, 1217, 927, 550. UV-vis (DMSO, nm): 258, 328. Anal. Calcd. for UO₂C₂₁H₂₀N₂O₁₁ (746.40): C, 33.76; H, 2.68; N, 3.75. Found: C, 34.76; H, 2.51; N, 3.69.

UO₂L²·2H₂O Complex (2). Yield 70%. The ¹H NMR spectra of in DMSO- at room temperature show that the complex contains the major and minor species (possibly isomers); the minor species signals are too weak to assign. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-, major species): δ = 10.07 (s, 2H, CO-NH), 7.04 (m, 2H, ortho cat-H), 6.93 (m, 4H, meta and para cat-H), 4.60–4.10 (m, 4H, -CH₂-), 4.04–3.78 (m, 4H, -CH₂-), 3.18 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H, -COCH₂CO-), 2.29–1.97 (m, 4H, -CH₂-). FTIR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3367, 1742, 1588, 1546, 1461, 1444, 1346, 1307, 1217, 929, 550. UV-vis (DMSO, nm): 259, 328. Anal. Calcd. for UO₂C₂₃H₂₄N₂O₁₁ (774.46): C, 35.64; H, 3.09; N, 3.62. Found: C, 36.71; H, 2.96; N, 3.59.

UO₂L³·2H₂O Complex (3). Yield 74%. The ¹H NMR spectra of in DMSO- at room temperature show that the complex contains the major and minor species (possibly isomers); the ratio was about 4.1 : 1. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-, major species): δ = 10.04 (br s, 2H, CO-NH), 7.15–7.04 (m, 2H, ortho cat-H), 6.91 (m, 4H, meta and para cat-H), 4.10 (m, 4H, -CH₂-), 3.94 (m, 4H, -CH₂-), 3.19 (d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H, 0.5× -COCH₂CO-), 3.08 (d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H, 0.5× -COCH₂CO-), 1.78–1.56 (m, 8H, -CH₂CH₂-).¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-, minor species): δ = 10.54 (br s, 2H, CO-NH), 7.52 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.7 Hz, 2H, ortho cat-H), 7.49 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.7 Hz, 2H, para cat-H), 6.66 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, meta cat-H), 4.55 (m, 8H, -CH₂-), 2.61 (s, 1H, 0.5× -COCH₂CO-), 2.38 (s, 1H, 0.5× -COCH₂CO-), 1.91–1.79 (m, 8H, -CH₂CH₂-). FTIR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3390, 1742, 1588, 1546, 1461, 1444, 1342, 1309, 1218, 927, 550. UV-vis (DMSO, nm): 259, 326. Anal. Calcd. for UO₂C₂₅H₂₈N₂O₁₁ (802.51): C, 37.38; H, 3.49; N, 3.49. Found: C, 38.45; H, 3.41; N, 3.43.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. UV-Vis Spectra Analysis

The UV-vis spectra of the ligands H₄L^1–3 and their corresponding target uranyl complexes 1–3 were recorded in DMSO solution (Figure 1), and the data were summarized in Table 1. It was shown from Table 1 that all free ligands transitions absorption bands were in the range of 246–248 nm and transitions absorption bands in the range of 319–322 nm. It was found that the and transitions of complexes were slightly red-shifted as compared to the and transitions of ligands H₄L^1–3 and had absorptions in the visible regions (380–450 nm), which was ascribed to charge transfer within the U=O double bonds and the ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) between the oxygen atoms of the coordinating ligands and the empty orbital of the uranyl ion [17–19]. These results show that the H₄L^1–3 take part in coordination with uranyl ion.

(a)

(b)

3.2. FTIR Spectra Analysis

The FTIR spectra of the ligands H₄L^1–3 and their corresponding target uranyl complexes were recorded in the region 4000–400 cm⁻¹, which were studied to obtain information on the oxygen-to-uranyl coordination from the shift of the C-O stretching with respect to the nonbonded ligands. Since the FTIR spectra of all ligands have shown similar features, the FTIR spectra of ligands H₄L¹ as well as their corresponding complex 1 were selected for illustration for comparison reasons shown in Figure 2(a) and all complexes 1–3 are shown in Figure 2(b). The selected vibrations of the ligands H₄L^1–3 and their corresponding complexes studied, together with the suggested assignments, were listed in Table 2.

(a)

(b)

As shown in Table 2, the bands at 1746–1750 cm⁻¹ for the free ligands were assigned to the C=O stretching vibration of β-diketonate and the bands at 1742–1746 cm⁻¹ for the corresponding complexes; there is hardly any red shifts to form enol tautomers in complexes [7, 20–22], which confirmed that oxygen atoms of carbonyl group of β-diketonate did not bind to uranyl ion. The bands at 1640–1643 cm⁻¹ were assigned to the C=O stretching vibration of amide groups of free ligands, which shifted to 1588 cm⁻¹ in its corresponding complexes; meanwhile, the peaks at 1266 cm⁻¹ were attributed to the C-O stretching vibration of catechol units shifted to 1256–1260 cm⁻¹ for their complexes, which indicated that oxygen atoms of phenolic hydroxyl take part in coordination with uranyl ion. In addition, the characteristic absorption peaks of C-N groups at 1334–1337 cm⁻¹ shifted to 1342–1350 cm⁻¹ in their corresponding complexes, showing formation of strong hydrogen bond between hydrogen atoms of amide groups and oxygen atoms of phenolic hydroxyls [23, 24]. Frequencies of the stretching and deformation vibrations of the C=C, C-H groups of the benzene rings were also observed. The FTIR spectra of all complexes show strong absorption bands between 927 and 929 cm⁻¹ and weak absorption bands in 550 cm⁻¹. The bands at 927 and 550 cm⁻¹ were assigned to the asymmetric stretching modes of the uranyl moiety [25–27]. Therefore, analytical results of the FTIR spectra indicated uranyl ion complexes were to be obtained.

3.3. Proton NMR Spectra Analysis

The development of H₄L^1–3 evolved from the following considerations. The dialkyl malonates spacer not only provides two coordination sites but also enhances the less rigidity and preorientation of the compound and should therefore favor the encapsulation of a uranyl ion unit. Furthermore, model studies show that steric strain in the predisposed ligand reduces the number of possible geometric isomers. For an octahedral liner uranyl complex of an asymmetrically substituted catecholamide ligand there are two conceivable geometrical isomers as shown in Figure 3. So the room-temperature ¹H NMR spectra of complexes 1–3 compared with free H₄L^1–3 have shown complex splitting.

The ¹H NMR spectra of all ligands and corresponding uranyl complexes have shown similar features. The complexes in DMSO- at room temperature have shown that the complexes contain the major and minor species (possibly isomers a and b, resp.). The ¹H NMR spectra of H₄L¹ as well as their corresponding complex 1 were selected for illustration and shown in Figure 4. The resonance signals of amide protons of the major species isomers shifted from 8.90 ppm to 10.02 ppm, since the downfield chemical shifts of amide protons are generally interpreted in terms of strong hydrogen bonding [23, 24], as shown in Figure 3. The resonance signals of catechol protons of the major species isomers of complex 1 showing two peaks at 7.13–7.03 (m, 2H, ortho cat-H) and 6.98–6.88 (m, 4H, meta and para cat-H), compared with the free ligand H₄L¹, have appreciable changes and downfield shifts of the aromatic proton resonances of the catechol rings. Similarly, the changes in the level of the signals of the protons of the linker were also shift, turning into complex splitting due to the proximity of the uranyl ion nearby the altered protons. The resonance signals of the methylene protons of the major species isomers showed four peaks at 5.18 (dd, J = 23.8, 12.1 Hz, 2H, -CH₂-), 4.78 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 2H, -CH₂-), 4.00 (t, J = 12.0 Hz, 2H, -CH₂-), and 3.63 (d, J = 14.2 Hz, 2H, -CH₂-). And the active methylene of β-diketonates shows two double peaks at 2.83 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H) and 1.71 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H), but generally, mental complexes present a singlet peak at 5.0–8.0 ppm for the enol tautomers of β-diketonates [20, 28–30]. It confirmed that oxygen atom of β-diketonate did not bind to uranyl ion, also indicated by the FTIR spectra analysis.

3.4. XPS Spectra Analysis

The XPS spectra of the samples were conducted at 10 KV and 5 mA under 10⁻⁸Pa residual pressure. The peak energies were corrected with C 1s peak at 284.6 eV as a reference. The recorded lines (C 1s, O 1s, N 1s, and U 4f) were fitted using the XPSpeak program after the background subtraction.

To study the interaction of uranyl with ligands H₄L^1–3, XPS spectra were recorded for complexes 1–3. The O 1s, C 1s, N 1s, U 4d, and U 4f spectra were shown in Figure 5. Uranyl coordination reaction was observed in complexes evidenced by the appearance of doublet peaks of U 4f_5/2 and U 4f_7/2 with a splitting value of 10.80–10.90 eV. The values of the binding energies of O 1s, C 1s, N 1s, U 4f_5/2, and U 4f_7/2 and the splitting values of the U 4f spectra were shown in Table 3. The O 1s and U 4f spectra of complexes 1–3 were shown in Figure 6. The peak fitting results of the O 1s and U 4f were shown in Table 4. Because XPS is not a quantitative analysis method, these data could be used for semiquantitative analysis of the distribution of multicomponent [31, 32].

(a)

(b)

As shown in Figure 6(a), it was observed that complexes 1–3 presented six main components O 1s spectra for oxygen functionalities. The six peaks position at 530.50–530.69 eV (O=U=O) [33, 34], 531.40–531.55 eV (C-O-U), 532.20–532.33 eV (C=O of β-diketonate), 532.60–532.80 eV (C-O-C), 533.40–533.50 eV (C=O of benzamide), and 533.90–534.00 eV (adsorbed H₂O) [35] was observed. And the relative intensities of C-O-U were significantly higher than other oxygen functionalities; meanwhile, the presence of the U=O bonds was confirmed, as expected.

The U 4f_7/2 spectra were deconvoluted into two components: the peak corresponding to the free uranyl ion that occurred at 381.05 eV and the peak of complexes 1–3 that occurred at 382.10–382.22 eV, as shown in Figure 6(b).

From the above discussion, it is clear that the ligands H₄L^1–3 complexation of uranyl ion occurred with the catecholamide moieties.

3.5. Thermal Properties

To examine the thermal stability of complexes 1–3, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out at a heating rate of 10°C min⁻¹ under the conditions of N₂ atmosphere with the temperature range from 25 to 1100°C (Figure 7). The TGA curves of complexes 1–3 show two steps to weight loss. The first weight loss in the range of 120–220°C should be attributed to the loss of two coordinated water molecules with a percentage weight loss (obs. 5.1%, 4.9%, and 4.8%; calcd. 4.82%, 4.65%, and 4.49%) of complexes 1–3, respectively. The second weight loss in the range of 250–1050°C is attributed to the loss of biscatecholamide ligands with a percentage weight loss (obs. 55.1%, 57.6%, and 60.0%; calcd. 56.86%, 58.42%, and 59.87%) of complexes 1–3, respectively. The percentage weight of final residue was in good agreement with the calculated value by the stoichiometric chemical formula UO₃.

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.6. Photocatalytic Activity

As we know, methyl blue, methyl orange, and RhB dyes have been widely used in textile, printing, paper, and pharmaceutical industries, causing serious pollution to the environment at the same time [35–38]. In this work, we selected RhB as model compound of organic pollutant to investigate the degradation efficiency using complexes 1–3 as catalysts. To rule out the possibility that the photocatalytic activity of the complex arises from molecular or oligomeric species formed through dissolution of the solid samples in the photocatalytic reaction systems, control experiments were conducted. We subjected the catalysts to UV light and continuous stirring in water for 3 h and tested the photocatalytic activity of the solution after filtering off the solid materials. No catalytic activity was observed for the solution. Then filtrates residue was added into fresh RhB for catalysis testing. During the degradation process, a 15 W Hg lamp was used as the UV light source. 10 mg of catalyst was dispersed in 100 mL of 10 mg L⁻¹ RhB solution under ultrasonication for 15 min. A UV-vis spectrophotometer was used to monitor the reaction under the wavelength of 554 nm and continuously at 30 min intervals until the reaction reached steady state.

Figures 8(a)–8(c) show that the intensity characteristic absorption of RhB had obviously decreased in the presence of complexes 1–3 by the UV light irradiation. As it is shown in Figure 9(a), for comparison, the self-degradation of RhB was also assessed under the same experimental conditions. It obviously revealed that, without the solid catalyst in the reaction system, the RhB hardly degraded in 210 min of irradiation under UV light, suggesting that the solution contains no photocatalytically active species. However, in the presence of complexes 1–3, the RhB in the solution is degraded approximately 74%, 71%, and 67%, respectively. From the photodegradation constant k in Figure 9(b), we can see that the performance of complexes 1–3 (k = 7.1 × 10⁻³, 6.5 × 10⁻³, and 6.0 × 10⁻³min⁻¹, resp.) is higher than commercially available TiO₂ (k = 5.9 × 10⁻³min⁻¹) [39]. The result indicated that the degeneration process was efficient. Meanwhile, complex 1 is higher than other complexes. Because complexes 1–3 are similar in coordination environment with similar accessibility to active uranyl centers, the higher efficiency is presumably due to the higher content of active uranyl centers in complexes 1–3 (36.2%, 34.9%, and 33.6%, resp.)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)

(b)

It is well known that the uranyl complexes could degrade the organic pollutants mainly due to the active uranyl centers. At present, two photodegradation mechanisms, hydrogen abstraction and electron transfer, have been generally accepted for the photocatalytic reactions involving uranyl species (Figure 10) [12]. Upon photoexcitation, electrons may be promoted from the HOMO to the LUMO to generate excited species. And the HOMO and LUMO were ascribed to occupied 2p orbitals of oxygen and the empty uranium orbitals, respectively. The excited electron in the LUMO was not stable; it may return to the HOMO instantly. However, if the electrons from organic molecules (such as RhB) could be abstracted by the species, resulting in organic intermediates and protons, the excited electrons in the uranyl unit would remain in the LUMO until they were captured by electronegative substances, such as O₂ in the solution. Once O₂ captured excited electrons, highly active peroxide anions could be formed. The organic intermediates were decomposed; as a result, peroxide anions further oxidize in the solution.

4. Conclusions

The β-diketonates biscatecholamide ligands H₄L^1–3 were obtained via the reported procedure; their complexes with were also prepared successfully and determined by the means of UV-vis spectra, FTIR spectra, ¹H NMR, and elemental analyses. The complex ¹H NMR spectra show that the uranyl complexes have two conceivable geometrical isomers. The photodegradation property of the target complexes was investigated by the RhB which is a model compound of organic pollutant. The results show that complexes 1–3 exhibit good photocatalytic property, which will be used as the promising candidate photocatalytic materials for nuclear organic waste treatment in nuclear industry.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Authors’ Contributions

Bo Jin and Qingchun Zhang conceived and designed the experiments; Qingchun Zhang and Xiaofang Wang performed the experiments; Qingchun Zhang, Zhaotao Shi, Shan Lei, Hua Liang, and Qiangqiang Liu analyzed the data; Rufang Peng and Bo Jin contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; Qingchun Zhang and Bo Jin wrote the paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project no. 51572230), Open Project of State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional (Project no. 14zdfk05), Major Project of the Education Department of Sichuan Province (Project no. 13ZA0172), and Southwest University of Science and Technology Outstanding Youth Foundation (Project no. 13zx9107).

References

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Copyright © 2017 Qingchun Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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