Current Status of Emerging PV Technologies: A Comparative Study of Dye-Sensitized, Organic, and Perovskite Solar Cells

Table 1

Highest recorded efficiencies and device characteristics for DSSCs, PSCs, OPVs, and tandem PSCs [5].

	Efficiency (%)	Active layer/absorber	Carrier transporting material	Innovative materials/techniques	Institution/company
DSSC	13.0	TiO2 dye-sensitized semiconductor	Cobalt redox couple electrolyte	Panchromatic porphyrin sensitizers	EPFL
PSC	25.2	FAPbI 3-based perovskite	Spiro-MeOTAD	Minimizing the deformation of photoactive layers by changing the type and ratio of ions	UNIST
Tandem PSC/Si	29.5	Monolithic perovskite; PbI2-based top cell/Si bottom cell	Methyl-substituted carbazole monolayer/C60	Self-assembled carbazole-based monolayer with methyl group substitution	Oxford PV
Tandem PSC/CIGS	24.2	Monolithic two-terminal triple-cation PSC/CIGS	Poly [bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA)/C60	Rubidium-based self-assembled monolayer	HZB
OPV	18.2	PBDB-T-2F:BTP-eC9	PEDOT:PSS	Chlorinated nonfullerene acceptor	SJTU/BUAA