Current Status of Emerging PV Technologies: A Comparative Study of Dye-Sensitized, Organic, and Perovskite Solar Cells

Table 2

Novel materials and methods used for the development of DSSCs.

Photoanodes	Electrolytes containing redox couple	Sensitizers	Sensitization techniques
Wide bandgap semiconductors (TiO2, ZnO, and SnO2)	Liquid electrolytes (e.g., iodide/triiodide) up to 13.0% PCE	Metallo-organic ruthenium complexes (N3, N719, and black dye)	Cosensitization using dyes with complementary absorption spectra
Different photoanode layer morphologies such as nanoparticle, nanorod, and nanotube	Solid electrolytes (spiro-MeOTAD, PEDOT, and metal complexes) up to 11.7% PCE	Natural or organic dyes (porphyrins, coumarins, rhodamines, etc.)	Dye combinations: Ru complexes/squaraine dyes, N3/Rhodamine B, tertiary aryl-amine D/zinc-metallated porphyrin—11% PCE
Film deposition techniques: sol-gel, hydrothermal, electrospinning, and atomic layer deposition	Quasi-solid electrolytes (e.g., poly(acrylonitrile), poly(vinyl chloride), and poly(vinylidene fluoride))	Novel synthetic dyes (e.g., chlorin, indolin, or BODIPY-based)	Sequential cosensitization with multiple dyes (e.g., porphyrins, coumarins, and Ru complexes) up to 8.14% PCE
		Synthesized panchromatic dye sensitizers up to 13.0% PCE	Incorporation of QD nanoparticles, such as Ag or Au up to 7.2% PCE