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| FPV site and its capacity | Findings |
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| Two units with 50 Wp each, at Bangka Belitung Island, Indonesia. One unit is FPV and the other on the ground [14] | Geraldo et al. perform an experiment and conduct a comparative study on the performance of the FPV with respect to the ground mounted PV system. The FPV exhibits an exceeding over the conventional PV by 1.04%, 1.08%, 1.12%, and 1.29% of average voltage, current, real power, and efficiency, respectively. |
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| A data from 146 large hydroelectric dam reservoirs in African countries is analyzed for FPV potential. An estimated annual energy of 46,04 TWh is generated in total. | In [10], the FPV potential of big hydroelectric dams in Africa is comprehensively assessed. They covered a gross of 29,222 km2 water area. By employing only 1% in each of the dam’s reservoir for FPV, the power generation capability of those hydroelectric plants get doubled and 58% increase in electricity output. In addition to that, 743 million m3 of water is saved from evaporation annually, which means a gain of extra 170.64 GWh is achieved by conserving the reservoir water. |
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| Study and simulation shows 5 MW FPV can be generated at each of the two dams in Egypt, namely High dam and Aswan Reservoir [15]. | While adding the FPV, the high dam and Aswan reservoir, respectively, can have an annual increment of up to 11.9 GWh and 11.3G Wh by operating them as a hybrid hydro PV plant. The new hybrid system is estimated to save about 0.1 MCM of water from the two dams. Polycrystalline FPV are found convenient to be used at Egypt. For fixing and mounting the FPV, the single axis tracking type results in the higher energy rate of 4.96%. The proposed hybrid FPV hydro plant can also contribute by limiting the emission of 44,270.61 tons of carbon dioxide. |
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| An annual capacity of 188 MWh is estimated to be extracted from FPV installed on an irrigation dam. The location is at the cooperative of irrigators in Valencia region, Spain. | The FPV plant is proved to have better yield of energy than the roof top mounted conventional PV of its equivalent. However, the total cost of the FPV reaches 119,100 €, which shows a relatively higher cost of installation. It has a payback period of 15 years which is long time as compared with 7-10 years of money return period for PV systems in Spain. This grid connected FPV system is proved to save around 13.55% of the annual energy formerly supplied from the grid [16]. |
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| Sizing and assessment of 1 MWp FPV plant at Gouvães dam. It is one of the three dams constructed along the Tâmega River, Portugal [17]. | FPV potential of Portugal is comprehensively explained. Design and analysis of an FPV is performed as a case study on a newly constructing dam, Gouvães dam. The 1 MWp floating PV plant alone will generate an annual revenue of 65000 €. Its payback period will be about 15 years if the whole energy is for sale. This period will be minimized if the energy is exploited for recycling systems in the country like the pumped hydro. |
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| A design and simulation of 294.8 kW floating solar power is done on Debremariam Island, Lake Tana, Ethiopia. | Taye et al. [18] propose an FPV-based power source to electrify a small community in one of the islands at Lake Tana. A comparison is made with the ground erected PV, and the FPV results in greater output of 4.9 KW. |
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| In [19], 15 MW FPV is planned and analyzed with the help of simulation. The site is at Kaptai, Rangamati, Bangladish. | The Kaptai reservoir has water area of 777 Km2. However, the 15 MW floating PV will only cover about 11% of the total area of the Kaptai reservoir. Implementation of this FPV system is recommended for better exploitation of solar energy which minimizes environmental pollution, avoid the occupation of fertile land surfaces by PV, and improve the reliability of power in Bangladish. |
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| In annual basis, an 835,820 MWh is shown to be generated from FPV as the simulation result shows. The site is in the tropical Gaviao reservoir, Northeast Brazil. | The FPV generated energy can supply around 19% of Fortaleza city’s demand, whose population is nearly 2,600,000 people. The floating PV panels laid on 81% of the reservoir’s total area. Consequently, 2,595,000 m3 of water is saved from loss due to evaporation. This amount of water is estimated to cover about 1.5% consumption of the Fortaleza city. US$755 million will be needed for investment cost of the proposed power plant [20]. |
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| In [21], an FPV plant which can support 16% of European need of electricity is studied to be erected at lake Nasser, Egypt. | The world’s second largest and man-made lake Nassir has water surface area of 5000 square km. Only about 20% of it, means 1000 Km2 needs to be covered by FPV for generating 16% of Europeans electric power need. It can be green and low cost energy option and completely substitute coal and fossil fuel-based electricity in Europe upon finishing all phases of this project. 3 billion m3 of freshwater will be saved from evaporation, which is equivalent to 20-25% of Egyptians yearly water usage. |
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| 6513 MWp is estimated to be yield from an FPV on Rajghat dam in Uttar Pradesh, India. | In [22], 25% of the reservoirs area is used to get the 10,623,501 MWh annually. In measure of water conservation from evaporation, 1395 cubic meter of water per MWp can be saved annually. That can cut tariff from Rs 0.12 to Rs 0.14 per kWh. As well 9.08 million cubic meter of water could be saved, which can generate additional 482.86 MWh from hydropower. Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is calculated $ 0.036/kWh (INR 2.61/kWh) having 8.55% internal rate of return (IRR). This has a good indication to widely implement FPV, which can also play a role in protecting possession of fertile lands by PV power plant. |
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| A comprehensive review is conducted about hybrid floating solar photovoltaic (HFPV) power generation [7]. | Energy can be generated by hybridizing FPV plant with other sources of power and known as HFPV. Some of the possible sources to combine with FPV are hydro, pumped hydro, tidal, solar tree, tracking PV, conventional power, and hydrogen. Among those options, HFPV is found efficient when an FPV is implemented with the hydropower system. The hybrid floating PV has tremendous benefits. It can increase the reliability of hydropower plants by backing energy production when there is a drop in water level of the reservoir in the dry seasons. The other advantage is getting higher flexibility for the grid to dispatch the power with the variation of load demand. HFPV also assist to have more energy storage when it is used with pumped storage, more water can be pumped by FPV followed by extra energy generation to the peak hours. However, further studies needed to tackle shortcomings associated with FPV and HFPV systems. The high cost, stability of the floating structure, impact of the weather, and policy issues can be listed as some the challenges. |
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| In [23], a literature survey is performed to indicate the significance of hybrid FPV-hydropower systems by focusing on the case of Australian hydroelectric generation sites. | Countries including Australia are heading to achieve a 100% renewable source of energy. Solar PV is dependent on irradiation and a hydropower needs continuous rainfall to avoid interruption of power supply. With fewer than 20% exploitation of the reservoir surface, an FPV can yield equal or more power of the hydro. By connecting FPV plants and hydropower, a hybrid system can be formed with better reliability if properly controlled. To date, only two hybrid FPV-hydro plants are found in Brazil and Portugal. These FPVs alone have a contribution of 1 MW and 218 kW, respectively. The FPV potential for four biggest hydropower reservoirs in Australia are analyzed to consider hybrid FPV-hydro systems. Deploying an FPV in the four locations estimated that a power equal to the capacity of the hydro plant can be produced at each of the sites. This is attained by utilizing less than 15% area in the reservoirs. |
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| A solar FPV plant is considered, and its integration with a small hydropower station in Pakistan is assessed. | In [24], basic principles and distinguishing features of hybrid FPV-hydro plant are presented based on relevant literatures. A 217.1 MW floating solar PV is designed lying at the reservoir of Ghazi Barotha Hydroelectric power plant. The integration of this FPV with the existing 1450 MW hydro plant is evaluated at 500 kV and 132 kV points in the grid. Connecting it at the 132 kV is found to be optimal. A linear optimization model is developed for a coordinated operation between the two power sources which linked together. The proposed hybrid FPV-hydro model is simulated in MATLAB with the new power system architecture and the existing load profile. The optimization algorithm is found efficient because the generated power tends to follow the load condition at every time of the day. The capacity of the existing hydroelectric power plant is enhanced by 3.3% when the FPV is integrated to it. |
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| The worldwide energy potential from a hybrid hydro-FPV is estimated using a novel geospatial approach in [8]. | Theories and different classifications of hybrid hydro-FPV are explored by evidencing a lot of scientific studies. Publicly available datasets are used to predict the approximate hybrid hydro-FPV potential in the globe. The result shows the potential of many areas of the world in a regional basis. For instance, 135 GW capacity is observed in the Eastern Africa, and the maximum of all others is in Northern America, having 1785 GW. It is unveiled that the world has a total of 3.0 TW to 7.6 TW potential from hybrid hydro-FPV. The huge capital cost, need of expert personnel, and the impact on the ecosystem are mentioned as some of the constraints related to the wide practical application of FPVs as well as hybrid FPVs. |
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