Abstract
Background. Serum concentration of NT-proBNP correlates well with the severity of cardiac disease in adults. Few studies have been performed on the applicability of NT-proBNP for monitoring children with congenital heart disease. Objective. To assess the potential of NT-proBNP for monitoring the success of interventions in children with stenotic cardiac lesions. Methods. NT-proBNP was measured in 42 children aged 1 day to 17 years (y) before and 6 to 12 weeks after surgical or interventional correction of obstructive lesions of the heart. Comparison is made with the clinical status and echocardiographic data of the child. Results. NT-proBNP levels (median 280, range 10–263,000 pg/mL) were above the reference value in all but 6 patients (pts) prior to the intervention. Higher levels were found in more compromised patients. The 35 children with clinical improvement after the procedure showed a decline of their NT-proBNP level in all but 4 patients, whose levels remained unchanged. Five patients with unchanged gradients despite a therapeutic intervention also demonstrated unchanged NT-proBNP levels after the intervention. Thus, the success rate of the procedure correlated well to clinical and echocardiographic findings. Conclusion. NT-proBNP can be used to assess the efficiency of an intervention.
1. Introduction
Natriuretic hormones are released by the myocardium secondary to an increased wall tension caused by volume or pressure in order to protect the cardiovascular system. They are well-established markers for diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification in adult patients with congestive heart failure. They are easy to measure, provide a useful tool for monitoring therapeutic success, and are evolving as an important prognostic parameter [1–7]. Their release is triggered by norepinephrine, endothelin 1, vasopressin, and arginine. BNP is formed after enzymatic cleavage of pre-proBNP in the active form of BNP and the inactive aminoterminal fragment NT-proBNP. BNP causes vasodilation, natriuresis, and diuresis by inhibiting the release of renin. The dilatation of the vessels is caused by reduced formation of angiotensin II, whereas the diuretic effect is related to a decreased formation of aldosterone. NT-proBNP also modulates the activity of the sympathicoadrenal system by inhibition of the release of endothelin and is known to have antimitogenic properties [8, 9].
While NT-proBNP closely correlates with BNP levels, NT-proBNP exhibits greater stability and thus may serve as a preferred marker to assess cardiac stress. The potential advantages of NT-proBNP, especially for paediatric patients, have been described in detail elsewhere [8].
The objectives of the study were to determine the following
(1)if there was an association between baseline NT-proBNP levels and clinical status,(2)if there was an association between changes in NT-proBNP level and the hemodynamic and/or clinical response to the intervention.2. Patients and Methods
2.1. Patients
The study was approved by the institutional review board of the Heart Centre in Bad Oeynhausen, Germany. Following informed consent, 42 consecutive patients between 1 day and 17 years (median 6 years of age) were prospectively enrolled into the study between February 2007 and June 2008. All patients who presented during the study period with either a left- or right-sided obstructive cardiac lesion that required therapeutic intervention through cardiac catheterization or surgical correction were included. Patients with elevated serum creatinine at presentation were excluded to avoid elevated levels of low molecular weight proteins as a confounding factor. Left-sided obstruction was seen in 25 patients and right-sided obstruction was diagnosed in 17 patients. Nine patients required surgical correction and 33 patients underwent interventional dilatation or stent implantation via therapeutic cardiac catheterization. Patients’ characteristics are provided in Tables 1, 2, and 4.
The infants included in the study typically required an urgent therapeutic intervention, whereas older children were scheduled electively. All indications were based on clinical (arterial hypertension, pulselessness, failure to thrive, cardiac and consecutive respiratory failure) and echocardiographic criteria. We used the modified Ross score as introduced by Laeer et al to assess patients up to14 years of age for signs of heart failure (32 pts) [10–12]; see Table 5. A score of 4 and more was considered abnormal. Patients older than 14 years were classified according to the New York Heart Association functional class (10 pts). We defined haemodynamic improvement after a procedure as diminution of a gradient more than 15 mm Hg and/or the improvement of an abnormal Ross score of more than 2 score points.
2.2. Echocardiogram
A complete echocardiographic study was performed prior to the procedure and 6 to 12 weeks later.
2.3. Blood Sampling and Assays
A peripheral venous blood sample was collected one day prior to the catheterization or surgical intervention and six to twelve weeks after the procedure during an outpatient visit. After centrifugation, plasma samples were stored either at 8°C for less than three days or at −20° for no more than six months, when NT-proBNP was measured by immunoassay in batch. The IMMULITE 2000 System (Diagnostic Products Corporation DPC, Los Angeles, California) was used to measure NT-proBNP in 50 microlitres of heparinized plasma. The imprecision of the assay was 2.8% (range 0.80% to 11%) in the low range (53 pg/mL, n = 169) and −2.75% (range 0.32% to −6.22%) in the high range (350 pg/mL, n = 169).
Paediatric reference intervals have previously been published. There is considerable ontogeny of the reference intervals, largely owing to maturation of renal function and to the peripartum circulatory changes. In brief, values of <3.000 pg/mL for newborns, <200 pg/mL for infants aged 28 days to 1 year, 100 pg/mL for children aged 1–10 years and <50 pg/mL for adolescents and adults were considered normal [13–17].
3. Statistical Analysis
Patient data were expressed in median and range and when appropriate as mean +/-SD for descriptive statistics. The nonparametric Wilcoxon’s matched pairs test was used to compare the levels before and after intervention and Spearman was used to provide the correlation. For all parameters, a value of was considered statistically significant. The statistical package GraphPad Prism software version 5.01 for Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) was used for the statistical analysis.
4. Results
Median concentration of NT-proBNP of all patients prior to intervention was 312 pg/mL (range 10–263,000 pg/mL). After intervention, the concentration dropped to a median of 156 pg/mL (range 20–10,300 pg/mL. Figure 1). The change in NT-proBNP was more obvious in patients who showed significant haemodynamic improvement (delta P > 15 mmHg) after procedures (NT-proBNP 409 versus 145 pg/mL), but this change was not statistically significant. There was a good correlation between NT-proBNP and the change of the clinical condition of the patients (modified Ross, Laeer et al., and NYHA) after the intervention: Spearman’s r = 0.68 (see Figure 2). This correlation could not be found in the patients (n = 6) who had no significant haemodynamic changes after their procedure ( Spearman’s r = 0.41, see Figure 3).
Although some children with left ventricular dysfunction had severely increased NT-proBNP concentrations, the median value for NT-proBNP for left-sided lesions did not differ from right-sided obstruction (, median of patients with right-sided lesions 193 pg/mL [n = 17], median of patients with left-sided lesions 117 pg/mL [n = 25]). The characteristics of pts with left- and right-sided obstruction are provided in Table 4.
The improvement of the gradient of patients with a right-sided cardiac stenosis was not as profound as in patients with left-sided stenosis. The movements of the NT-proBNP concentrations were summarized in Tables 2 and 3.
Six patients with isolated coarctation required intervention for arterial hypertension; otherwise they were asymptomatic. Their NT-proBNP was normal at enrolment and remained unchanged after the procedure.
The patient with a worsening condition demonstrated a parallel rise of NT-proBNP. This patient developed severe pulmonary insufficiency after a surgical procedure, relieving the pulmonary stenosis with a transanular patch. The NT-proBNP level of this patient raised further to 23.100 pg/mL before he subsequently died.
5. Discussion
NT-proBNP is well established in adults for clinical management of heart failure. It is a promising marker for monitoring cardiac impairment in children. This has been shown for paediatric patients by Law et al. amongst others [5]. They measured natriuretic hormone levels in pts with known cardiac disease and could demonstrate that the patients with ventricular dysfunction had significantly higher levels. Price and his group demonstrated that the natriuretic hormones were a good predictor of adverse cardiovascular events in paediatric outpatients with left ventricular dysfunction [3].
Our study provides new insight on the impact of a successful intervention for cardiovascular malformations on NT-proBNP levels several months after a procedure. The data suggest that NT-proBNP could be an additional tool for the indication of an intervention as well as a marker to follow patients longitudinally.
Several studies have been published that examined short-term changes of NT-proBNP after a procedure. They confirmed the perioperative prognostic value of NT-proBNP. Gessler and his colleagues could demonstrate that a high preoperative NT-proBNP level was associated with a complicated postoperative outcome [18]. Walsh and his group found in their study that the NT-proBNP level measured preoperatively in 38 children was a significant predictor for the length of stay on the intensive care unit after surgery and that the peak postoperative level was a significant predictor of the intensity of the overall medical management [19]. Shih et al. supported the value of NT-proBNP as a postoperative marker [20]. They examined 51 patients after congenital heart surgery and found an association between duration of ventilation and a NT-proBNP level > 540 pg/mL with very good sensitivity and specifity. Koch et al. demonstrated in their study that the natriuretic hormones initially increase after cardiac surgery despite haemodynamic unloading and speculated that this could be explained by a cytoprotective role of the natriuretic hormones after surgery [21].
We used reference values that were composed from a variety of articles [13–17] that published previously collected NT-proBNP data in healthy children. It appears that widely accepted age-dependent reference values have yet to be established, but many authors based their clinical studies on the reference data we used. It is reassuring that we found high and clearly abnormal values only in very sick children with significant pathology and abnormal modified Ross Scores. Sequential values appear to be of greater value than a single measurement. This was also shown for cardiac transplant patients—the change of NT-proBNP over time correlated with their wellbeing, not the absolute value [22, 23]. The baseline value may be of prognostic significance. Patients with right-sided residual lesions may often be clinically well. An elevation of NT-proBNP unexplained by echocardiographic findings may point to the need for an additional diagnostic workup, including MRI and/or cardiac catheterization. In particular, peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis with or without unequal perfusion of both lungs can be missed by an echocardiographic study and can only be assessed accurately by other diagnostic means. Khositseth et al. support these findings in their study. They examined twenty-one patients after Fallot repair with pulmonary regurgitation. They reported that an NT-proBNP cutoff value of 115 pg/mL can be used as a marker for detection of right ventricular dilation and dysfunction [24].
The general picture that a successful intervention correlates with a substantial reduction of NT-proBNP values did not apply to a few adolescents with isolated coarctation who had a normal NT-proBNP to start with. Their indication for an intervention was related to arterial hypertension rather than any element of cardiac compromise. Studies in adults with aortic stenosis made similar observations. In patients with preserved function of the left ventricle despite a significant pressure gradient, NT-proBNP was in a normal range. The authors postulated that therapeutic intervention might only be indicated in adult patients with aortic stenosis with elevated NT-proBNP levels [1, 2]. We conclude that elevated NT-proBNP measurements in patients with coarctation implied more severe disease with signs of compromised systemic perfusion and failing left ventricle as these patients had an elevated modified Ross Score.
There is currently some controversy whether obesity may influence NT-proBNP levels although one recent study has called this into question [25]. Of note, none of our patients had a BMI above the 95th percentile for age (data not shown).
5.1. Limitations
Despite these promising findings, our study has a few limitations. Kidney function was not specifically determined, but all patients had normal serum creatinine values (data not shown). Despite the possible accumulation of small molecular weight proteins in chronic kidney disease, newer data in adults suggest that NT-proBNP is helpful in determining significant cardiac illness in adults unless renal function is severely impaired [26, 27].
The entire study group is small and not very homogeneous in terms of age, disease severity, type of lesion, and type of intervention.
The patients with left-sided lesions seemed to have similar NT-proBNP levels at the first glance compared to the patients with the right-sided lesions, but the patient group with left-sided obstruction has been very inhomogeneous as has been shown in Table 4.
6. Conclusion
NT-proBNP is a valuable additional tool to assess the severity of a cardiac illness in children. A decline in NT-proBNP appears to be a marker for successful intervention. Similarly, a normal NT-proBNP may suggest room to delay an intervention in the absence of clinical symptoms.
7. Summary
In adults, NT-proBNP is an important biomarker for monitoring the severity of cardiac disease and its therapeutic response. In children, data remain limited due to smaller numbers and inhomogeneous groups of patients. We therefore studied NT-proBNP in 42 children with stenotic cardiac lesions before and after therapeutic intervention. NT-proBNP values were correlated with the clinical presentation and echocardiographic data. NT-proBNP correlated well with the success of the procedure and may help with the monitoring of therapeutic interventions.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the assistance of Ms. Antje Kuhlmann with logistical support and ethics submission and the staff from the cardiac catheterization laboratory in Bad Oeynhausen for his assistance with the patient recruitment and data collection. They also would like to thank Dr. Herschel Rosenberg for his kind review. This work was funded by a research Grant from Ruhr University Bochum, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany.