Research Article

Developmental Changes in Hemodynamic Responses and Cardiovagal Modulation during Isometric Handgrip Exercise

Table 2

Hemodynamic variables (unadjusted means) at baseline and in response to handgrip exercise.

Young adultsChildren
VariablesBaselineIHGBaselineIHG

SBP (mmHg) 1 1 7 . 5 ± 2 . 2 1 4 8 . 6 ± 3 . 7 1 0 7 . 9 ± 2 . 0 1 2 2 . 1 ± 2 . 7
DBP (mmHg) 7 1 . 3 ± 1 . 2 9 1 . 9 ± 2 . 1 6 4 . 6 ± 2 . 0 7 8 . 1 ± 2 . 5
MAP (mmHg) 8 8 . 5 ± 1 . 5 1 1 4 . 9 ± 2 . 7 8 2 . 8 ± 2 . 4 9 6 . 4 ± 2 . 4
HR (bpm) 6 8 . 8 ± 2 . 0 8 2 . 6 ± 2 . 1 8 4 . 0 ± 2 . 0 9 3 . 5 ± 2 . 2
Cardiac index (L/min/m2) 3 . 1 ± 0 . 1 3 . 9 ± 0 . 2 1 . 5 ± 0 . 0 6 1 . 7 ± 0 . 0 7
Stroke index (mL/beat/m2) 4 5 . 5 ± 1 . 5 4 9 . 0 ± 1 . 4 1 7 . 6 ± 0 . 6 1 7 . 9 ± 0 . 7
TPR (dyn/sec cm-5 m2) 2 3 4 4 ± 9 0 2 3 5 8 ± 8 5 4 6 3 1 ± 2 2 4 4 8 0 2 ± 2 2 3

Means ± SE, values are not adjusted for the influence of the covariates.
𝑃 < . 0 5 , measures during IHG are different from baseline (main effect); 𝑃 < . 0 5 , task by group interaction; 𝑃 < . 0 5 , group differences in baseline hemodynamic variables.
SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; HR: heart rate; TPR: total peripheral resistance.