Maternal Music Exposure during Pregnancy Influences Neonatal Behaviour: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 2

Comparison of BNBAS clusters scores between music and control groups.

Cluster	Music group (𝑛=126); (Mean ± SD)	Control group (𝑛=134); (Mean ± SD)	Effect size (95% CI)	Test statistic	𝑃 value
Habituation	5.72±1.9	4.67±2.3	1.05 (0.53, 1.57)	𝑡=3.999,𝑑𝑓=258	0.0001
Orientation	6.51±1.1	5.38±1.4	1.13 (0.82, 1.44)	𝑡=7.207,𝑑𝑓=258	<0.0001
Motor performance	4.56±1.2	4.31±0.8	0.25 (0.00, 0.50)	𝑡=1.987,𝑑𝑓=258	0.0479
Range of state	4.35±0.5	4.04±0.6	0.31 (0.17, 0.45)	𝑡=4.511,𝑑𝑓=258	<0.0001
Regulation of state	4.33±1.0	3.79±1.1	0.54 (0.28, 0.80)	𝑡=4.134,𝑑𝑓=258	<0.0001
Autonomic stability	5.88±0.7	5.62±0.9	0.26 (0.06, 0.46)	𝑡=2.589,𝑑𝑓=258	0.0102
Reflexes	5.19±1.9	5.24±2.4	−0.05 (−0.58, 0.48)	𝑡=−0.185,𝑑𝑓=258	0.8530

SD: standard deviation, CI: confidence interval.