Country Ages Specimen Results* Brazil 7–14 years Urine Median 3.60 versus 6.30, 6.40, 8.94 μ g/L (unexposed versus 3 exposed groups)
versus
, 107, 89 [38 ] China Newborn Cord blood Mean 3.82 μ g/L,
[39 ] India Children Urine Range 23–4030 μ g/L,
[40 ] 9–11 years Urine Range 570–2349 μ g/L,
[41 ] 5–15 years Urine Mean 78 μ g/L (range 2–375),
[42 ] Mexico 4–6 years Urine Mean 143.9 versus 24.8 μ g/L (exposed
versus unexposed
) [43 ] 6–8 years Urine Mean 58.1 μ g/L,
[44 ] 6–11 years Urine Means 16.5 μ g/dL [45 ], 19.9 μ g/L [46 ],
, 90 6–11 years Urine Medians 143.0, 100.0, 115.0 μ g/L
, 22, 22 [47 ] 6–11 years Urine Medians 136.75, 106.25, 116.0 μ g/L
, 21, 20 [48 ] 6–12 years Urine Mean 22.35 μ g/g creatinine,
[49 ]
Poland
8–12 years
Urine GMean 7.98 versus 5.99 μ g/g creatinine (
exposed versus
unexposed females) [37 ] GMean 8.74 versus 6.73 μ g/g creatinine (
exposed versus
unexposed males) [37 ]
Country Ages Specimen Results Brazil 6–8 years Whole blood Means 2.1 μ g/dL [57 ], 5.5 μ g/dL [58 ],
, 65 China Newborn Cord blood Mean 4.06 μ g/dL,
[59 ] Newborn Cord blood Means 3.6 μ g/dL [60 ], 11.33 μ g/dL [61 ],
, 100 Newborn Cord blood GMeans 5.35 versus 8.41 versus 6.0 μ g/dL (urban
versus rural
versus industrial residence
) [62 ] Newborn Cord blood Median 4.36 μ g/dL (range 1.72–9.82)
[51 ] 1–5 years Whole blood GMean 8.2 μ g/dL,
[63 ] 2 months–14 years Whole blood Means 16.38 versus 7.12 μ g/dL (
polluted versus
control area) [64 ]† <6 years Whole blood GMean 4.71 μ g/dL,
[65 ] 6–12 years Whole blood Range 1.59–31.8 μ g/dL,
[66 ] 4–13 years Whole blood GMean 6.71 μ g/dL,
[67 ] India Newborn Cord blood GMean 5.1 μ g/dL,
[53 ] Newborn Cord blood Means 11.4 versus 16.02 μ g/dL,
normal weight versus
growth retarded [68 ] Infants Whole blood Mean 10.15 μ g/dL (range 0.046–42.94),
[69 ] 3–7 years Whole blood Mean 11.47 μ g/dL (range 2.6–40.5),
[70 ] 3–12 years Whole blood Mean 4.23 versus 9.86 μ g/dL (
controls versus
aplastic anemia cases) [71 ] 5–13 years Whole blood Mean 15.11 μ g/dL,
[72 ] 15–18 years Whole blood Mean 9.96 μ g/dL (range 4.62–18.64),
[73 ] Indonesia 6–12 years Whole blood GMean 8.6 μ g/dL (
) [74 ] Mexico Newborn Cord blood Means, 2.7 μ g/dL [75 ], 6.2 μ g/dL [76 ], 8.1 μ g/dL [77 ], 6.6 μ g/dL [78 ], 6.7 μ g/dL [79 ], 6.6 μ g/dL [80 ], 5.49 μ g/dL [81 ],
, 146, 617, 424, 197, 364, 294 1 month Whole blood Mean 5.5 μ g/dL (range 1–23.1),
[82 ] 12 month Whole blood Means 4.6 μ g/dL [81 ], 7.2 μ g/dL [79 ],
1 year Whole blood GMean 8.4 μ g/dL,
[83 ] 2 years Whole blood GMean 10.1 μ g/dL,
[83 ] 2 years Whole blood Means 4.8 μ g/dL [76 ], 5.78 μ g/dL [81 ], 8.2 μ g/dL [80 ], 8.4 μ g/dL [79 ],
, 752, 283, 179 3 years Whole blood Mean 8.4 μ g/dL,
[80 ] 4 years Whole blood Mean 8.2 μ g/dL,
[80 ] 6–8 years Whole blood Median 10.2 μ g/dL (range 1.9–43.8)
[84 ] 6–8 years Whole blood Mean 11.5 μ g/dL,
[44 ] 6–11 years Whole blood Means 4.6 μ g/dL [45 ], 9.4 μ g/dL [49 ],
, 50 6–11 years Whole blood Median by group, with increasing proximity to source: 4.6, 9.5, 28.6 μ g/dL,
, 22, 22 [48 ] 6–11 years Whole blood Median by group with increasing proximity to source: 7.02, 20.6, 30.38 μ g/dL,
[47 ] 6–12 years Whole blood GMeans 10.5, 11.2, 12.4 μ g/dL,
[85 ] Poland Newborn Cord blood Median 1.23 μ g/dL (range 0.44–6.90),
[86 ] Newborn Cord blood Mean 1.42 μ g/dL,
[87 ] 5–14 years Whole blood Mean 7.69 μ g/dL, median 6.77 μ g/dL (range 2.7–23),
[88 ] 6-7 years Whole blood GMean 4.2 μ g/dL,
[54 ] 7–15 years Whole blood Mean 7.3 μ g/dL, median 6.6 μ g/dL,
[89 ]† 8–12 years Whole blood GMean 5.72 versus 3.42 μ g/dL (
exposed versus
unexposed females) [37 ] GMean 6.51 versus 3.81 μ g/dL (
exposed versus
unexposed males) [37 ] South Korea 4–10 years Whole blood GMean 3.80 μ g/dL (range 1.30–9.95)
[55 ] 10–15 years Whole blood Mean 4.3 versus 6.9 μ g/dL (
controls versus
anemia) [90 ] Taiwan Newborn Cord blood Means 7.8 versus 3.28 versus 2.35 μ g/dL in 1985–87 versus 1990–92 versus 2001-02 [91 ] Newborn Cord blood Mean 1.29 μ g/dL,
[92 ] Newborn Cord blood GMeans 1.26 μ g/dL [93 ], 1.30 μ g/dL [94 ],
, 430 2-3 years Whole blood GMean 2.48 μ g/dL,
[94 ] 5-6 years Whole blood GMean 2.49 μ g/dL,
[94 ] 8-9 years Whole blood GMean 1.97 μ g/dL,
[94 ] 7–11 years Whole blood Means 1.60 versus 7.79 μ g/dL (
controls versus
exposed males) [95 ] 8–12 years Whole blood Means 3.45 versus 5.23 versus 8.80 μ g/dL,
unexposed versus
and 34 exposed [96 ] Turkey Newborn Cord blood Mean 1.65 μ g/dL,
[97 ] Whole blood Mean 3.56 μ g/dL,
[97 ] 15–19 years Whole blood Mean 7.8 versus 1.6 μ g/dL (
exposed versus
unexposed) [98 ]