Authors year of publication Country Study design Treated infections (% of pneumonia) Population: age in/outpatient Most prescribed antibiotics (%) (1) Amadeo et al. (2010) [48 ] Europe Multicenter, 2-day PPS on abx prescriptions Various (respiratory tract infection: 30%) <18 y inpatients Third-generation cephalosporins (18%) (2) Ceyhan et al. (2010) [49 ] Turkey Multicenter, cross-sectional, 1-day PPS Various (29.4%) <18 y inpatients Cephalosporins (22.1%), (3) Younis (2010) [50 ] Iraq 6-month, multicenter, prospective, observational study Various (20%) 6 m–16 y inpatients Ampicloxacillin (50%) (4) Mohajer et al. (2011) [51 ] Saudi Arabia 1-month, retrospective, cross-sectional study on pharmacy prescriptions Various (16.2%) <12 y inpatients Cephalosporin <1 yr (44.6%), (5) Bergicho et al. (2012) [52 ] Ethiopia 1-month, single-center observational retrospective study on abx prescriptions Various (9.27%) <18 y inpatients Cotrimoxazole (18.87%) (6) Borrás Novell et al. (2013) [53 ] Spain A 1-year, prospective multicenter study including patients seen in PED on day 14 of each month who required hospitalization with systemic abx Various (29.4%) <18 y inpatients Cefotaxime (27.8%), (7) Brogan et al. (2012) [54 ] USA 5-year, multicenter, retrospective cohort study from the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) 100% 1–18 y inpatients Cephalosporins (40.4%) (8) Fossum et al. (2013) [55 ] Norway 1-year, observational study primary care records All respiratory tract infection (2.4%) <6 y outpatients Macrolides (44%) (9) Gwimile et al. (2012) [56 ] Tanzania 7-month, single-center, cross-sectional descriptive hospital based study Various (41%) 1 m–5 y inpatients Penicillin (47.9%) (10) Moinuddin et al. (2012) [57 ] India 9-month, prospective treatment charts review 100% <18 y inpatients Third-generation cephalosporins (57.2%) (11) Choudry and Bezbaruah (2013) [58 ] India 1-month, single-center observational prospective study on abx prescriptions Various (17%) <12 y inpatients Coamoxiclav (35%) (12) De Sá Del Fiol et al. (2013) [59 ] Brazil 12-month, cross-sectional study on questionnaire on abx prescriptions in two Primary Health Centres Various (3.13%) <9 y outpatients Penicillin (73.13%) (13) Dorj et al. (2013) [6 ] Mongolia 10-week observational prospective study on written abx prescriptions of community pharmacies in rural and urban areas 100% Adults and children outpatients Aminopenicillins (16%) (14) Feleke et al. (2013) [60 ] Ethiopia 6-month, prospective, cross-sectional study on patients charts Various (56.3%) <10 y inpatients Ceftriaxone (43.50%) (15) Neuman et al. (2013) [61 ] USA Data were obtained from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) for ED visits from 2001 through 2009 for children with CAP 100% Adults and children outpatients Cephalosporin (35%) (16) Alakhali and Shaik_Mohammad (2014) [62 ] Saudi Arabia 2-month, observational, retrospective study on abx prescriptions Various (9.7%) <12 y inpatients Cephalosporin (52%) (17) Dubos et al. (2014) [63 ] France A phone survey with a standardized questionnaire submitted randomly to GPs, pediatricians, and pediatric fellows 100% <18 y outpatients Coamoxiclav 54% (18) Maltezou et al. (2014) [64 ] Greece A standardized questionnaire distributed to 520 private-practice pediatricians 100% <18 y outpatients Compliance with the first-line recommended antibiotic was 30.6% for CAP (19) Mishra et al. (2014) [65 ] India Single-center, prospective, interventional study Various (LRTI: 17.9%) 1 m–16 y outpatient Amoxicillin (44%) (20) Osowicki et al. (2015) [66 ] Australia Multicentre, single-day, hospital-wide PPS Various (LRTI: 22%) <18 y inpatients Narrow-spectrum penicillin (18%)β -lactam–β -lactamase (21) Salih et al. (2014) [67 ] Sudan 12-month, cross-sectional study on abx prescriptions 100% (severe) 2 m–5 y inpatients Coamoxiclav (22.1%) (22) Sviestina et al. (2014) [68 ] France, Latvia, and UK Multicenter, 1-day PPS on abx prescriptions Various: LRTI Latvia (26.2%), France (11.8%), UK (9.3%) <18 y inpatients UK: piperacillin/tazobactam (32%), coamoxiclav (26%) (23) Awor et al. (2015) [69 ] Uganda All drug shops in the intervention area were included and all child visits in 8 months were analyzed Various (45%) <7 y outpatients Amoxicillin (91%) (24) Fadare et al. (2015) [70 ] Nigeria 7- month, cross-sectional study using medical records Various (respiratory tract infections: 53.7%) <5 y outpatients Amoxicillin (52.4%) (25) Iroh Tam et al. (2015) [71 ] USA Multicenter, retrospective study (six hospitals) on medical records with pneumonia 100% 2 m–18 y inpatients Third-generation cephalosporins (72%) (26) Milner et al. (2015) [72 ] USA 2-year multicenter retrospective cohort study 100% 3 m–18 y Emergency department providers prescribed narrow-spectrum therapy 27% of the time (27) Thapaliya et al. (2013) [73 ] Nepal 6-month, single center, retrospective study on medical charts Various (22.5%) <13 y inpatients Cephalosporins (ceftriaxone 49.3%, cefotaxime 26.2%) (28) Williams et al. (2015) [74 ] USA 6-month multicenter, prospective, population-based, active surveillance of CAP hospitalizations among children pre: 1–9%, post: 15.2% 100% 3 m–18 y inpatients Cephalosporins pre (52.8%) (29) Fonseca Lima et al. (2016) [75 ] Brazil 3-year, single-center, cross-sectional study 100% 1 m–5 y inpatients Ampicillin 62.17% (30) De Luca et al. (2016) [76 ] Italy 1-day PPS on abx prescriptions ## Various (LRTI: 22.1% of children, 2.3% of neonates) <18 y inpatients Cephalosporins (43.3%) (31) Ivanovska et al. (2016) [77 ] Netherlands 3-year, retrospective, observational study, deriving data on diagnoses and prescriptions from the electronic health records-based NIVEL Primary Care Database Respiratory tract infection (pneumonia 5.8–7.1%) <18 y outpatients Amoxicillin: 2010 (60.4%), 2011 (66.9%), and 2012 (63%) (32) Launay et al. (2016) [78 ] France Multicenter, prospective two-period study using data from the French pneumonia network 100% 1 m–15 y inpatients First period: amoxicillin 58.1% (33) Sharma et al. (2016) [79 ] Guyana 1-year, retrospective chart review of pediatric patients seen in the emergency department Various (RTI: 19.5%) 1 m–13 y outpatients Amoxicillin 33.6% (34) Thomson et al. (2015) [80 ] USA 15-month, single-center, retrospective cohort study 100% 3 m–18 y inpatients Aminopenicillins (63.6%) (35) Usonis et al. (2016) [81 ] Europe Snapshot prospective study based on a questionnaire developed and distributed by the CAP Paediatric Research Initiative (CAP-PRI) working group and distributed across Europe 100% <18 y inpatients and outpatients Inpatients: amoxicillin (32%), ampicillin (37%) (36) Vesporten et al. (2016) [82 ] Africa, Asia, Oceania, Latina America, North America and Europe 1-day PPS on abx prescriptions ## Various (LRTI 18.7%) <18 y inpatients Third-generation cephalosporins: Eastern Europe (37.5%) and Asia (28.6%), fourth-generation cephalosporins in North America (13.3%). Narrow-spectrum (b- lactamase sensitive penicillin 11% in Africa and 4.3% in Northern Europe) (37) Zec et al. (2016) [83 ] Serbia Single-center, 6-month, retrospective study on medical charts 100% 1 m–6 y inpatients Cephalosporins (cefazolin 40.4%, third-generation cephalosporins 31.7%)
