Research Article
Prevalence of Middle Ear Infections and Associated Risk Factors in Children under 5 Years in Gasabo District of Kigali City, Rwanda
Table 3
Independent predictors of ear infection.
| | | Number of children without middle ear infections | Children with middle ear infections () | Crude OR (CI) | Adjusted OR (CI) |
| | Gender | | | | | | Males | 379 (49.7%) | 24 (59.1%) | 1 | 1 | | Females | 384 (50.3%) | 23 (48.9%) | 0.95 (0.52–1.71) | 0.94 (0.52–1.73) | | Age (months) | | | | | | ≤12 | 107 (14.2%) | 8 (17%) | 1 | 1 | | 13 –24 | 232 (30.4%) | 14 (29.8%) | 0.81 (0.33–1.98) | 0.79 (0.36–1.97) | | 25–36 | 215 (28.1%) | 8 (17%) | 0.50 (0.18–1.36) | 0.44 (0.16–1.23) | | 37–48 | 139 (18.2%) | 8 (17%) | 0.77 (0.28–2.12) | 0.66 (0.23–1.87) | | ≥49 | 70 (9.2%) | 9 (19.2%) | 1.72 (0.63–4.67) | 1.41 (0.51–3.98) | | SES | | | | | | Low | 359 (47.1%) | 24 (51.1%) | 1 | 1 | | Middle | 312 (40.9%) | 20 (42.5%) | 0.96 (0.52–1.77) | 1.31 (0.67–2.57) | | High | 92 (12.1%) | 3 (6.4%) | 0.49 (0.14–1.66) | 0.94 (0.25–3.58) | | Level of education | | | | | | No education | 43 (5.6%) | 7 (14.9%) | 1 | 1 | | Primary | 434 (57%) | 31 (66%) | 0.44 (0.18–1.01) | 0.45 (0.18–1.11) | | Secondary | 214 (28.1%) | 6 (12.8%) | 0.17 (0.06–0.54) | 0.22 (0.67–0.73) | | Vocational | 71 (9.3%) | 3 (6.4%) | 0.26 (0.06–1.06) | 0.41 (0.89–1.85) | | Breastfeeding (months) | | | | | | Never | 10 (90.9%) | 1 (9.1%) | 1 | 1 | | <12 | 133 (93.0%) | 10 (7.0%) | 0.75 (0.09–6.48) | 0.51 (0.5–5.41) | | 12–24 | 293 (92.7%) | 23 (7.3%) | 0.78 (0.10–6.40) | 0.52 (0.06–4.76) | | 25–36 | 316 (96.3%) | 12 (3.7%) | 0.38 (0.05–16.54) | 0.23 (0.02–2.26) | | >36 | 11 (91.7%) | 1 (8.3%) | 0.91 (0.05–16.5) | 0.39 (0.02–8.60) | | Household smoke | | | | | | Never | 297 (38.9%) | 10 (21.3%) | 1 | | | Sometimes | 209 (27.4 %) | 15 (31.9%) | 2.13 (0.94–4.84) | 1.78 (0.73–4.36) | | Always | 257 (33.7%) | 22 (46.8%) | 2.54 (1.18–5.47) | 1.83 (0.65–3.93) | | Passive smoking | | | | | | Never | 634 (83.1%) | 35 (74.5%) | 1 | 1 | | Sometimes | 95 (12.5%) | 8 (17%) | 1.53 (0.69–3.39) | 1.26 (0.55–2.92) | | Always | 34 (4.5%) | 4 (8.5%) | 2.13 (0.72–6.34) | 1.83 (0.58–5.65) | | Residence | | | | | | Rural | 349 (45.7%) | 29 (61.7%) | 1 | 1 | | Urban | 414 (54.3%) | 18 (38.3%) | 0.52 (0.29–0.96) | 0.17 (0.33–0.46) | | Accuracy of parents’ knowledge compared to examination findings | | | | | | Not knowing about infection | 8 (1.1%) | 8 (17%) | 1 | 1 | | Having infection | 750 (98.3%) | 38 (80.9%) | 0.15 (0.07–0.35) | 0.18 (0.07–0.46) | | Not having infection | 5 (0.7%) | 1 (2.1%) | 0.24 (0.09–0.64) | 0.28 (0.09–0.84) |
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Significant at bivariate analysis; significant at multivariate analysis.
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