Is Early Preventive Caffeine Safe and Effective in Premature Neonates? A Clinical Trial

Table 2

Comparison of study outcomes between early and late caffeine groups.

Study outcomes	Early group ()	Late group ()	Odds ratio (95% CI)	value
Apnea of prematurity, (%)	3 (6.8%)	15 (32.6%)	0.151 (0.04-0.569)	0.002
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, (%)	8 (18.2%)	17 (37%)	0.379 (0.143-0.964)	0.047
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia radiographic changes, (%)	3 (6.8%)	10 (21.7%)	0.301 (0.76-1.196)	0.044
Mechanical ventilation, (%)	23 (52.2%)	31 (67.4%)	0.53 (0.226-1.245)	0.143
Necrotizing enterocolitis, (%)	8 (18.2%)	14 (30.4%)	0.508 (0.189-1.368)	0.176
Patent ductus arteriosus, (%)	16 (36.3%)	18 (39.1%)	0.812 (0.347-1.899)	0.631
Intraventricular hemorrhage, (%)	8 (18.2%)	9 (19.5%)	0.914 (0.317-2.629)	0.867

CI: confidence interval.