Review Article

Antimicrobial Peptides: Versatile Biological Properties

Figure 2

Proposed mechanisms of actions of AMPs. (a) Energy independent mechanism: it includes barrel stave model, carpet model, and toroidal pore model. (b) Energy dependent mechanism: it includes macropinocytosis.
675391.fig.002a
(a) ATP independent mechanisms
675391.fig.002b
(b) ATP dependent mechanism