Research Article
The Influence of Race on Employment Status and Earnings of African Immigrant Men in the United States
Table 4
OLS regression of annual personal income of black and white African immigrant men aged 16 to 64 (standardized coefficients).
| | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2008 | Characteristics | Model I | Model II | Model I | Model II | Model I | Model II | Model I | Model II |
| Race | | | | | | | | | (White) | | | | | | | | | Black | −0.154*** | −0.108*** | −0.172*** | −0.127*** | −0.179 | −0.106*** | −0.186*** | −0.112*** | Age group | | | | | | | | | 16 to 24 years | | | | | | | | | 25 to 34 years | 0.046*** | 0.037*** | 0.098*** | 0.072*** | 0.057*** | 0.053*** | 0.051*** | 0.053*** | 35 to 44 years | 0.222*** | 0.206*** | 0.204*** | 0.179*** | 0.132*** | 0.128*** | 0.109*** | 0.109*** | 45 to 64 years | 0.272*** | 0.245*** | 0.279*** | 0.246*** | 0.175*** | 0.168*** | 0.127*** | 0.125*** | Education | | | | | | | | | Less than 9 years | | | | | | | | | 9 to 12 years | 0.132*** | 0.134*** | 0.043*** | 0.032*** | 0.025*** | 0.024*** | 0.020*** | 0.014*** | 13 years or more | 0.278*** | 0.281*** | 0.158*** | 0.146*** | 0.162*** | 0.161*** | 0.148*** | 0.139*** | Enrollment | | | | | | | | | (Not in school) | | | | | | | | | In school | −0.214*** | −0.268*** | −0.121*** | −0.231** | −0.079*** | −0.178*** | −0.093*** | −0.233*** | Marital status | | | | | | | | | (Not married) | | | | | | | | | Married | 0.091** | 0.174*** | 0.091*** | 0.183*** | 0.072*** | 0.192*** | 0.088*** | 0.225*** | Duration of immigration | | | | | | | | | (Less than 5 years) | | | | | | | | | 5 to 9 years | −0.081*** | −0.091*** | −0.084*** | −0.093** | −0.072** | −0.077*** | −0.087*** | −0.90*** | 10 years or more | −0.041*** | − 0.037* | −0.038*** | −0.039*** | −0.031*** | −0.034** | −0.059*** | −0.63*** | English proficiency | | | | | | | | | Speaks only English | 0.187*** | 0.186*** | 0.176*** | 0.184*** | 0.110*** | 0.109*** | 0.177*** | 0.174*** | Speaks very well | 0.146*** | 0.149*** | 0.122*** | 0.132*** | 0.066*** | 0.067*** | 0.130*** | 0.128*** | Speaks well | 0.043*** | 0.041*** | 0.039*** | 0.040*** | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.040*** | 0.040*** | (Not well) | | | | | | | | | Region | | | | | | | | | Northeast | 0.011*** | 0.013*** | 0.024*** | 0.022*** | 0.004** | 0.002 | 0.042*** | 0.038*** | Midwest | 0.028*** | 0.031*** | −0.005* | −0.007*** | 0.010** | 0.007** | 0.002 | −0.002* | (South) | | | | | | | | | West | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.031** | 0.028*** | 0.034*** | 0.032*** | 0.046*** | 0.040*** | Interactions | | | | | | | | | Marriage by race | | −0.141** | | −0.147*** | | −0.166*** | | −0.176*** | School enrollment by race | | 0.096*** | | 0.147*** | | 0.117*** | | 0.156*** | R square | 0.367 | 0.377 | 0.244 | 0.259 | 0.177 | 0.188 | 0.186 | 0.197 | Degree of freedom | 16 | 18 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 18 | Total number of cases | 85,759 | 85,759 | 191,415 | 191,415 | 363,576 | 363,576 | 647,468 | 647,468 |
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Omitted categories in parentheses. , , . Source: analysis based on 5 percent IPUMS data sets.
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