Identifying Rates of Emigration in the United States Using Administrative Earnings Records

Figure 1

Foreign-Born emigration rates and share of workers with two consecutive years of zero earnings, 1978–1998. Source. Author's calculations using merged Detailed Earnings Records, Numident, and Master Beneficiary Record data files from the Social Security Administration. Note. US and Social Security emigration rates are defined in the text. Shaded bands indicate recessions.