Human Urine Proteomics: Analytical Techniques and Clinical Applications in Renal Diseases

Table 5

Urinary candidate biomarkers for AKI.

Protein biomarkers	Up/downregulation	Cohort	Technique	Type of biomarker	Reference
IL-18	↑	AKI after CBP (), controls ()	ELISA	Predictive	[129]
KIM-1, NAG, and NGAL	↑	AKI (), early AKI (), late AKI (), and non-AKI ()	ELISA	Predictive	[130]
Aprotinin	↑	106 pediatric patients undergoing CPB	SELDI-TOF-MS	Predictive	[110]
NGAL	↑	71 children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass	Western blot and ELISA	Predictive	[131]
KIM-1	↑	Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxic rats ()	ELISA	Predictive	[132]
Albumin, α-1-antitrypsin, and β-2-microglobulin	↑	AKI () and non-AKI () from ICU patients as training set, AKI () and non-AKI () from ICU patients, and AKI () and non-AKI () from HSCT patients as validation set	CE-MS	Diagnostic	[111]
Fibrinogen α and collagens 1α(I) and 1α(III)	↓		CE-MS	Diagnostic	[111]
Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein and a fragment of adrenomedullin-binding protein	↓	Discovery cohort: AKI () and non-AKI (); validation cohort: AKI () and non-AKI ()	2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS and validation by ELISA and western blot	Predictive	[112]
IGFBP-7 and NGAL	↑	LNR (), ER (), and control ()	2D-DIGE and validation by ELISA	Diagnostic/prognostic	[113]
Netrin-1	↑	AKI (), non-AKI ()	ELISA	Predictive	[133]
α1-microglobulin, α1-acid glycoprotein, and albumin	↑	Discovery cohort: AKI () and control (); validation cohort: AKI () and control ()	SELDI-TOF-MS and validation by nephelometry	Diagnostic/prognostic	[134]
Hsp72	↑	AKI (), control ()	ELISA	Predictive	[135]